Abstract
Description of the subject. This research presents a novel approach for species discrimination of terrestrial processed animal proteins (PAP) using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an alternative technique for determining feed safety. Objectives. To explore the correlation between LIBS results and elemental composition. To assess the potential of LIBS spectroscopic methods for species discrimination of terrestrial PAP. Method. A total of 42 reliable terrestrial PAP samples of ovine, bovine, porcine, and poultry origin were analyzed and LIBS spectra were innovatively collected from the separated bone fraction. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were performed on the dataset. Results. Significant differences were found in the element compositions (carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, strontium and barium, p < 0.05) of PAP from different sources, which indicated a high potential for species discrimination. High-marked LIBS spectral characteristics (21 variables) related to six elements (calcium, sodium, magnesium, zinc, strontium and barium) for different species of terrestrial PAP samples were found out. PAP from the four tested species could be well classified with high sensitivity and specificity (> 0.90), while the ruminant and non-ruminant PAP could be thoroughly discriminated. For the discriminant analysis of ruminant-derived components in terrestrial PAPs, the detection of 10%-40% adulteration can be achieved and the correct rate is about 95%. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that LIBS can mostly exhibit the elemental composition of different terrestrial PAP, and can be a promising method for discriminating the different animal species or animal groups (ruminant/non-ruminant) involved in terrestrial PAPs.
Highlights
With the rapid development of animal husbandry, the quality and safety of animal feed products has become much more important
Real Processed animal proteins (PAP) samples and self-manufactured ones of the same species show no significant difference in elemental profile as well as Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spectra
The organic contents of C and H were relatively low and the mineral contents of Ca, P, and Mg were greater in this study compared with the existing results of the elemental determination of PAP (Cascarosa et al, 2012), which may be attributed to bone fraction extraction from PAP
Summary
With the rapid development of animal husbandry, the quality and safety of animal feed products has become much more important. Meat and bone meal were totally prohibited as feed ingredients for all animals (EC/88/98, EC/126/2003, EC/152/2009), while light microscopy was the only official method. It can accurately detect the PAP in feedstuffs, but it is difficult to further determine the species. In 2013, the ban on non-ruminant PAP in fish feed was repealed (EC/51/2013), marking the entrance into the second stage To implement this stage, there was an urgent need for species-specific methods for PAP detection. Effective methods are still worth probing for species discrimination of PAP
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