Abstract
Our study focused on a postdisturbance area that arose after the large-scale windstorm on 19 November 2004 in Tatra National Park, northern Slovakia. The wind destroyed forest stands dominated by Norway spruce at elevations from 700 to 1400 m above sea level. The windstorm dramatically changed the forest stands in the national park, motivating our research teams to study postdisturbance tree cover dynamics. We quantified tree species composition (diversity) and carbon pool in whole-tree biomass of young forest stands after the disturbance, in 2007, 2010, and 2016. The number of tree species was significantly greater at lower (below 900 m; foothill sites) than higher elevations (above 900 m; mountain sites). The number of species increased between 2007 and 2010, and after 2010 almost stabilized. In 2007, estimates showed an average of 1.9 tons of carbon per hectare in the lower sites and only 0.4 tons in higher sites. Between 2007 and 2016, carbon stocks in whole-tree biomass grew to 11.5 t ha-1in lower sites and 5.3 t ha-1in higher ones, with an average for the entire area of about 8 t ha-1. Estimates showed that the carbon stock in whole-tree biomass before the calamity (in 1996) was 101 t ha-1. After the wind disturbance, higher biomass stock was found among conifers (especially Norway spruce) at lower elevations and among broadleaves (mostly birch) at higher elevations. We found that tree species composition after the wind disturbance was more diverse than that before forest destruction. The current tree species composition seems to be a positive consequence of disturbance, especially given the species composition's resistance to harmful agents, including wind and bark beetles.
Highlights
Ongoing climate change and the increasing frequency of large-scale forest disturbances in Europe disrupt the continuity of forest cover and their ecosystem functions (Fleischer et al 2017)
The present paper aims to address the lack of knowledge about carbon stock fixed in developing young stands after the historically largest wind damage event in Slovakia’s oldest national park, using our previously constructed allometric relationships
Our results suggest that while average carbon stock in whole-tree biomass before the wind disturbance was 101 t per hectare, at 12 years after the disturbance, it was only about 8 t per hectare
Summary
Ongoing climate change and the increasing frequency of large-scale forest disturbances in Europe disrupt the continuity of forest cover and their ecosystem functions (Fleischer et al 2017). Research has shown that large-scale disasters (wind, fire, bark beetles, etc) in forests cause huge carbon losses in both tree biomass and soils (Seidl et al 2014). Thom and Seidl (2016) indicated that while forest disturbances affect mainly provisioning ecosystem services, their effects on biodiversity have often been positive (‘‘disturbance paradox’’). Carbon loss caused by disturbances is predicted to increase uncontrollably in forest ecosystems, leading to an undesired increase of CO2 in the atmosphere (Seidl et al2014). Another recent threat from disturbances relates to decreasing biodiversity, which negatively influences most ecosystem services (Harrison et al 2014). Biodiversity degradation has a major impact on ecosystem functioning and secondarily on human welfare (Dıaz et al 2018)
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