Speciation study in the sulfamethoxazole–copper–pH–soil system: Implications for retention prediction

Abstract

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a persistent sulfonamide antibiotic drug used in the veterinary and human medical sectors and is widely detected in natural waters. To better understand the reactive transport of this antibiotic in soil, the speciation of the SMX–Cu(II)–H+ system in solution and the combined sorption of these components in a natural vineyard soil were investigated by acid–base titrimetry and infrared spectroscopy. Cu(II) is considered to represent a strongly complexing trace element cation (such as Cd2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, etc.) in comparison to more prevalent but more weakly binding cations (such as Ca2+ and Mg2+). Titrimetric studies showed that, relative to other antibiotics, such as tetracycline, SMX is a weak copper chelating agent and a weak soil sorbent at the soil pH (pH6). However, the sorption of SMX in soil increases strongly (by a factor of 6) in the presence of copper. This finding strongly supports the hypothetical formation of ternary SMX–Cu–soil complexes, especially considering that copper is dominantly sorbed in a state at pH6. The data were successfully modelled with PhreeqC assuming the existence of binary and ternary surface complexes in equilibrium with aqueous Cu, SMX and Cu–SMX complexes. It is thought that other strongly complexing cations present on the surface of reactive organic and mineral soil phases, such as Cd(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Fe(II/III), Mn(II/IV) and Al(III), affect the solid/solution partitioning of SMX. This study thus suggests that surface-adsorbed cations significantly increase the sorption of SMX.