Speciation and quantification of vanadium in vanadium‐enriched apples by liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

Abstract

AbstractBiological and toxic effects of vanadium depend on its chemical form. In this work, speciation and quantification of vanadium was performed for vanadium‐enriched apples circulated in fruit markets. Liquid chromatography with the reverse‐phase column was used for the speciation, and the separated species was quantified by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The enriched vanadium was found to be V(IV) and accumulated exclusively in the apple peel, not the flesh. Particularly, the as‐extracted vanadium species could be effectively frozen by chelating the extracted vanadium with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. This inhibited interchange between different vanadium species, V(IV) and V(V) and leaded to accurate quantitative speciation. The vanadium species, V(IV), in the apple peel was analyzed to be was 0.61 ± 0.01 mg/kg. Based on our results, the vanadium‐enriched apples should be taken without being peeled for vanadium intake. Moreover, the methodology presented here can be suggested for accurate quantitative vanadium assessment in various fruit products.