Abstract
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, in physics appeared some revolutionary discoveries: in 1895 Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (1845–1923) (Nobel Prize 1901) discovered the X-rays; in 1896 Henri Antoine Becquerel (1853–1908) discovered natural radioactivity; in 1897 Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940) (Nobel Prize 1906) discovered the electron; in 1900 Max Planck (1858–1947) (Nobel Prize 1918) postulated the idea that the energy emitted by a black body could only take on discrete values; in 1905 Albert Einstein (1879–1955) (Nobel Prize 1921) elaborated the special theory of relativity. These discoveries marked genuine turning points that shook classical physics and marked out the fundamental directions of further development of physics: quantum theory, theory of elementary particles, special and general theory of relativity, etc.
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