Abstract
A microwave-assisted extraction approach based on ionic liquids of different chain lengths was successfully applied to the extraction of ten flavonoid glycosides from the flowering heads of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. The pretreated sample was quantified by HPLC-ESI-MSn. The main components were identified as flavonoid glycosides, including three luteolin glycosides, three apigenin glycosides, three kaempferide glycosides, and one acacetin glycoside according to the characteristics of the corresponding CID mass spectrometric patterns. Eight ionic liquids from the imidazolium family with different chain lengths, namely, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, [Cnmim]Br, (n = 2–16) were studied as extraction medium in water. Results indicated that alkyl chain length had an irregular impact on the extraction efficiency. Moreover, the best extraction efficiency was achieved by 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide aqueous solution ([C12mim]Br). Besides the alkyl chain length of the cations, other factors influencing extraction efficiency were systematically investigated, including concentration of the IL solutions, extraction time, matrix-to-solvent ratio and irradiation power.
Highlights
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which is radically different from Western medicine, has formed a unique system to diagnose and cure diseases over its long history
Aqueous solutions of eight ionic liquids which belong to the imidazolium family coupled with microwave assistance were applied to the specific extraction of flavonoid glycosides from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat followed by HPLC-MSn analysis
All of the products extracted from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat by every test throughout the whole series of experiments were all analyzed by HPLC, and the samples from the verification tests were analyzed by HPLC-MSn (Figure 2)
Summary
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which is radically different from Western medicine, has formed a unique system to diagnose and cure diseases over its long history. The alkylimidazolium-type ILs, whose properties largely depend upon the alkyl chain lengths, have been applied to extracting bioactive phytochemicals [17,18,30,31,32,33,34,35,36] from various matrixes. Many research groups have used ionic liquids with a microwave-assisted approach to extract or enrich the bioactive ingredients from herbal plants [41,42,43,44,45], but relatively few works have reported on how the chain length of cations affects the extraction efficiency when ILs are used as extraction medium. Aqueous solutions of eight ionic liquids which belong to the imidazolium family coupled with microwave assistance were applied to the specific extraction of flavonoid glycosides from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat followed by HPLC-MSn analysis. Besides the cation alkyl chain length, other factors influencing the extraction efficiency were systematically investigated, including extraction time, matrix-to-solvent ratio, concentration of ILs and irradiation power
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