Abstract

Bone is a dynamic, mineralized tissue that continuously undergoes modeling and remodeling, and possesses the intrinsic capacity for true structural and functional regeneration in response to injury. Small bone defects may heal through the body's endogenous repair process. However, in certain circumstances, large skeletal defects arising from trauma, infection, osteoporotic fractures, tumor resection, or congenital malformation overwhelm this system and may fail to reach satisfactory structural and functional regeneration. Although autologous bone grafting represents the clinical gold standard for the treatment and management of bone defects, certain cases necessitate alternative techniques due to limited supply of autogenous bone, donor site morbidity, and potential complications...

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