Abstract
Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing (SSTF) provides precise control of the pulse front tilt (PFT) necessary to achieve nonreciprocal writing in glass wherein the material modification depends on the sample scanning direction with respect to the PFT. The PFT may be adjusted over several orders of magnitude. Using SSTF nonreciprocal writing is observed for a large range of axial focal positions within the sample, and nonreciprocal ablation patterns on the surface of the sample are revealed. Further, the lower numerical aperture (0.03 NA) utilized with SSTF increases the rate of writing.
Highlights
Three-dimensional (3D) micro- and nanoscale patterning with femtosecond lasers continues to gain novel applications in fields such as micro- and optofluidics, lithography, and electronics
We propose a method to obtain the conditions necessary for nonreciprocal writing in a controlled and reproducible manner by exploiting the pulse front tilt (PFT) inherent to a simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing (SSTF) arrangement
With our Simultaneous spatial and temporal focusing (SSTF) system we examined nonreciprocal writing with several orders of magnitude more PFT than was employed by Yang et al, and we obtained somewhat different dependencies
Summary
Three-dimensional (3D) micro- and nanoscale patterning with femtosecond lasers continues to gain novel applications in fields such as micro- and optofluidics, lithography, and electronics. Surface nanostructuring by irradiation with femtosecond laser pulses improved the absorption efficiency of thin film silicon solar cells [Wang 2010]. Nanostructuring in doped glass was shown to have optical switching capabilities and, with only 150 nm spacing between bits, has application in compact optical memory storage [Shimotsuma 2007]. The type of modification obtained from femtosecond laser exposure depends on the material composition and laser parameters. It has been suggested that femtosecond laser material modification in transparent materials be divided into three categories. Type 2 modifications are perhaps the least exploited, yet investigations of these modifications have revealed remarkable properties including strong polarization sensitivity
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