Spatiotemporal Variation in Groundwater Quality and Source Apportionment along the Ye River of North China Using the PMF Model.

Chao Niu,Huiwei Wang,Lele Xiao,Qianqian Zhang

doi:10.3390/ijerph19031779

Abstract

Groundwater quality deterioration has attracted widespread concern in China. In this research, the water quality index (WQI) and a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used to assess groundwater quality and identify pollution sources in the Ye River area of northern China. Research found that TH, SO42−, and NO3− were the main groundwater pollution factors in the Ye River area, since their exceeding standard rates were 78.13, 34.38, and 59.38%, respectively. The main groundwater hydrochemical type has changed from HCO3-Ca(Mg) to HCO3·SO4-Ca(Mg). These data indicated that the groundwater quality was affected by anthropogenic activities. Spatial variation in groundwater quality was mainly influenced by land use, whereas temporal variation was mainly controlled by rainfall. The WQI indicated that the groundwater quality was better in the flood season than in the dry season due to the diluting effect of rainfall runoff. Notably, farmland groundwater quality was relatively poor as it was affected by various pollution sources. Based on the PMF model, the main groundwater pollution sources were domestic sewage (52.4%), industrial wastewater (24.1%), and enhanced water–rock interaction induced by intensely exploited groundwater (23.6%) in the dry season, while in the flood season they were domestic sewage and water–rock interaction (49.6%), agriculture nonpoint pollution (26.1%), and industrial wastewater and urban nonpoint pollution (23.9%). In addition, the mean contribution of domestic sewage and industrial sewage to sampling sites in the dry season (1489 and 322.5 mg/L, respectively) were higher than that in the flood season (1158 and 273.6 mg/L, respectively). To sum up, the point sources (domestic sewage and industrial wastewater) remain the most important groundwater pollution sources in this region. Therefore, the local government should enhance the sewage treatment infrastructure and exert management of fertilization strategies to increase the fertilizer utilization rate and prevent further groundwater quality deterioration.

Highlights

IntroductionGroundwater is a vital source of water for drinking, agriculture and industry, especially in arid and semi-arid areas [1]
Spatiotemporal variations in groundwater quality and pollution sources were identified along the Ye River of the Hebei Province, China, using the water quality index (WQI) and positive matrix factorization (PMF)
The main groundwater hydrochemical type has changed from HCO3 -Ca(Mg) to HCO3 ·SO4 -Ca(Mg)

Summary

Introduction

Groundwater is a vital source of water for drinking, agriculture and industry, especially in arid and semi-arid areas [1]. With population growth and rapid industrialization, the quality of groundwater has deteriorated in recent years [2,3,4]. Groundwater quality has serious impacts on human and ecological health. Several studies have reported that high nitrate concentrations in drinking water were associated with the risk of “blue baby syndrome” [5,6]. Drinking water containing high sulfate level can enhance mercury methylation [7]

Methods

Results

Conclusion