Abstract
Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous in the world ocean and well researched both globally and regionally, while their properties and distributions across the whole Indonesian Seas are not yet fully understood. This study investigates for the first time the spatiotemporal variations and generation mechanisms of mesoscale eddies across the whole Indonesian Seas. Eddies are detected from altimetry sea level anomalies by an automatic identification algorithm. The Sulu Sea, Sulawesi Sea, Maluku Sea and Banda Sea are the main eddy generation regions. More than 80% of eddies are short-lived with a lifetime below 30 days. The properties of eddies exhibit high spatial inhomogeneity, with the typical amplitudes and radiuses of 2–6 cm and 50–160 km, respectively. The most energetic eddies are observed in the Sulawesi Sea and Seram Sea. Eddies feature different seasonal cycles between anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies in each basin, especially given that the average latitude of the eddy centroid has inverse seasonal variations. About 48% of eddies in the Sulawesi Sea are highly nonlinear, which is the case for less than 30% in the Sulu Sea and Banda Sea. Instability analysis is performed using high-resolution model outputs from Bluelink Reanalysis to assess mechanisms of eddy generation. Barotropic instability of the mean flow dominates eddy generation in the Sulu Sea and Sulawesi Sea, while baroclinic instability is slightly more in the Maluku Sea and Banda Sea.
Highlights
The progress of numerical models and remote sensing techniques, especially satellite altimeter, in the past few decades has greatly advanced our understanding of mesoscale eddies in the ocean, which contain most of the oceanic kinematic energy [1]
Due to the shallower depth (
We find that BRAN can reasonably reproduce mesoscale eddies in the Indonesian Seas, and more details of evaluation refer to Appendix B
Summary
The progress of numerical models and remote sensing techniques, especially satellite altimeter, in the past few decades has greatly advanced our understanding of mesoscale eddies in the ocean, which contain most of the oceanic kinematic energy [1]. Mesoscale eddies have characteristic spatial and temporal scales ranging from tens to hundreds of kilometers and from several days to years, respectively [2] Both cyclonic (CE) and anticyclonic (AE) eddies are ubiquitous in the ocean [1], serving as a key bridge of energy cascade between large-scale and sub-mesoscale oceanic dynamics [3,4,5]. Because of their nonlinearity, mesoscale eddies play a vital role in the transport of momentum, mass, heat and biogeochemical properties and further impact tracer budgets and primary production [2,6].
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