Abstract
After invading a host, bacterial pathogens secrete diverse protein toxins to disrupt host defense systems. To ensure successful infection, however, pathogens must precisely regulate the expression of those exotoxins because uncontrolled toxin production squanders energy. Furthermore, inappropriate toxin secretion can trigger host immune responses that are detrimental to the invading pathogens. Therefore, bacterial pathogens use diverse transcriptional regulators to accurately regulate multiple exotoxin genes based on spatiotemporal conditions. This review covers three major exotoxins in pathogenic Vibrio species and their transcriptional regulation systems. When Vibrio encounters a host, genes encoding cytolysin/hemolysin, multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxin, and secreted phospholipases are coordinately regulated by the transcriptional regulator HlyU. At the same time, however, they are distinctly controlled by a variety of other transcriptional regulators. How this coordinated but distinct regulation of exotoxins makes Vibrio species successful pathogens? In addition, anti-virulence strategies that target the coordinating master regulator HlyU and related future research directions are discussed.
Highlights
The genus Vibrio is composed of various bacterial species that are metabolically versatile
Among the various exotoxins produced by pathogenic Vibrio species, hemolysin has been studied extensively because it is widely distributed in vibrios and exhibits prominent outcomes as a potent exotoxin [47,48]
Toxin, effector domains interact with their target proteins or molecules in the host cell holo-multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxin, effector domains interact with their target proteins or molecules in the host cell cytosol, exhibiting exhibiting cytopathic cytopathic consequences
Summary
The genus Vibrio is composed of various bacterial species that are metabolically versatile. Some virulence factors promote the proliferation of invading Vibrio in the host and protect them from pathogens to aggregate and adhere to gut epithelial cells, facilitating microcolony formation for initial the host defense systems. Multiple genes encoding biosynthetic this pathogen [14,15,16,17] Capsular polysaccharide is another essential virulence factor for V. vulnificus enzymes, transporters, and utilization components for siderophores have been characterized as because the encapsulated strain can resist macrophage-mediated phagocytosis [18,19]. V. vulnificus a specific transcriptional regulator at forthe thetranscription sialic acid This latter result emphasizes that virulencewhen factors must be accurately regulated utilization system was mutated [23,24]. Recent attempts to develop an anti-virulence strategy by targeting HlyU will be discussed, and suggestions for future research directions will be made
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