Abstract
Neuronal migration is essential for the orchestration of brain development and involves several contiguous steps: interkinetic nuclear movement (INM), multipolar–bipolar transition, locomotion, and translocation. Growing evidence suggests that Rho GTPases, including RhoA, Rac, Cdc42, and the atypical Rnd members, play critical roles in neuronal migration by regulating both actin and microtubule cytoskeletal components. This review focuses on the spatiotemporal-specific regulation of Rho GTPases as well as their regulators and effectors in distinct steps during the neuronal migration process. Their roles in bridging extracellular signals and cytoskeletal dynamics to provide optimal structural support to the migrating neurons will also be discussed.
Highlights
The ability of the neocortex to control complex cognitive and motor tasks is dependent on a well-organized six-layered architecture, which arises from a remarkable process called neuronal migration
Another downstream effector of RhoA, Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCK2), helps organize adherens junctions in the medaka fish [26]. Both Mammalian diaphanous-related formin1 (mDia1) and ROCK2 promote actin stress fiber formation. It is unknown whether mDia1 or ROCK2 is the main supporter of stress generation in radial glial progenitors (RGPs) in the rodent cortex, these results suggest that sufficient physical tension mediated by RhoA is important for maintaining adherens junctions
Aurora kinase B (Aurkb) is a downstream target of RhoA that is implicated in cytokinesis and the vertical orientation of the cleavage plane
Summary
The ability of the neocortex to control complex cognitive and motor tasks is dependent on a well-organized six-layered architecture, which arises from a remarkable process called neuronal migration. The multipolar–bipolar transition of neurons in extends at the leading end of migrating neurons, a cytoplasmic dilation is formed at the proximal the IZ requires the participation of the cytoskeleton, which helps establish contacts with RGPs for region, and the microtubule network reorganizes to enmesh the nucleus and promote nuclear guidance [6]. They cycle between an active GTP-bound form and an inactive GDP-bound form and Their activity can be augmented by Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and coordinate cytoskeletal dynamics in various subregions of RGPs or migrating neurons [11]. Will discuss the spatiotemporal regulation of Rho GTPases and their regulators in neuronal migration
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