Abstract
BackgroundComprehensive reports of malaria in Menoreh Hills, Central Java, Indonesia, a unique district cross-boundaries area under three districts and two provinces have been published previously. However, no study was performed to identify the hotspots of malaria in this cross-boundaries area, Kaligesing and Bagelen Subdistricts in Purworejo, Jawa Tengah Province and Kokap Subdistrict in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta Province, using a longitudinal spatial data.MethodsMonthly reports of malaria cases at primary health centres during 2005–2015 were collected and processed with ArcGIS and SaTScan to identify the malaria distribution at the village level. Malaria distribution was analysed using global spatial autocorrelation (Moran index) in ArcGIS. Cluster analysis was conducted using SaTScan purely spatial clustering and purely temporal clustering. Cluster characteristics resulted from three different approach were compared and analysed.ResultsDuring the last 11 years, 3812 malaria cases were reported and the number of high case incidence (HCI) villages were increased continuously. Malaria spatial distribution in Menoreh Hills was clustered spatially. Using three different approaches of time period ranges, consistent conclusion was found i.e. most likely clusters always occurred in the Purworejo district while the secondary clusters appeared later in the cross-boundaries districts.ConclusionSpatiotemporal analysis of an 11 years surveillance data showed that hotspots of malaria cases in Menoreh Hills were continuously located in Purworejo district. The success of malaria elimination in the cross boundaries area of Menoreh Hills might be depended on the success in malaria case management and surveillance in this hotspot area.
Highlights
Comprehensive reports of malaria in Menoreh Hills, Central Java, Indonesia, a unique district crossboundaries area under three districts and two provinces have been published previously
The term crossborder malaria refers to the transmission of malaria as Rejeki et al Malar J (2019) 18:80 a result of human or vector cross-border movement and epidemiology pertaining to adjacent areas [2], a situation that is similar to the cross-border areas in Mekong [3], China–Myanmar [4], China and 14 neighbouring countries [5], Cambodia [6], and Indonesia–Malaysia [7]
The Menoreh Hills area consists of mainly Kulon Progo and Purworejo Districts that belong to Yogyakarta and Jawa Tengah Provinces, respectively
Summary
Comprehensive reports of malaria in Menoreh Hills, Central Java, Indonesia, a unique district crossboundaries area under three districts and two provinces have been published previously. No study was performed to identify the hotspots of malaria in this cross-boundaries area, Kaligesing and Bagelen Subdistricts in Purworejo, Jawa Tengah Province and Kokap Subdistrict in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta Province, using a longitudinal spatial data. Annual parasite incidence (API) of malaria in Java has decreased, some pocket areas still exist and remain difficult to control. One of them is Menoreh Hills that belongs under three districts (Purworejo, Magelang and Kulon Progo) of two provinces (Jawa Tengah and Yogyakarta). The concentration of malaria events along international borders and cross-border migration activities make monitoring and control of malaria extremely difficult. The Menoreh Hills area consists of mainly Kulon Progo and Purworejo Districts that belong to Yogyakarta and Jawa Tengah Provinces, respectively. In Kulon Progo, malaria incidences were found in Kokap, Girimulyo, Samigaluh and Kalibawang sub-districts located in Menoreh Hills. API tended to decline from 2005 to 2010, outbreaks still occurred in the period of 2011–2012 at several villages [8]
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