Abstract
Vegetation ecology quality (VEQ) is an important indicator for evaluating environmental quality and ecosystem balance. The VEQ in China has changed significantly with global warming and gradual intensification of human activities. It is crucial to research the spatiotemporal characteristics of VEQ and its response to climate change in China. However, most previous studies used a single indicator to reflect VEQ in China, which needs to combine the effects of multiple indicators to reveal its variation characteristics. Based on the six remote sensing indicators, fractional vegetation cover, leaf area index, net primary productivity, vegetation wetness, land surface temperature, and water use efficiency of vegetation, the vegetation ecology quality index (VEQI) was constructed by principal component analysis in this paper. The spatio-temporal distribution and trend characteristic of VEQ within disparate ecosystems in China from 2000 to 2017 were studied. How continuous climate change affected VEQ over time was also analyzed. The results showed that the differences in spatial distribution between the excellent and poor VEQ regions were significant, with the proportion of excellent regions being much larger than that of poor regions. The VEQ has been ameliorated continuously during the past 18 years. Simultaneously, the VEQ would be ameliorated persistently in the future. Differences in the distribution and variation trend of VEQ occurred in disparate ecosystems. The VEQ of broadleaved forest was the best, while that of shrubs and arctic grassland ecosystem was the worst. The VEQ characteristics were different in disparate climate zones, with the best VEQ in the tropical monsoon climate zone and the worst in the plateau mountain climate zone. Except for desert vegetation and paddy field-dominated vegetation, VEQ of other ecosystems were significantly negatively correlated with altitude. Generally, moderate precipitation and temperature were favorable to improve VEQ in China. VEQ during the peak growing season was negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with precipitation, and the influence of precipitation on VEQ was stronger than that of temperature. Our results can be used to enact relevant management measures and policies.
Highlights
The quality of ecological environment can reflect the suitability of ecological environment for human survival and sustainable development of the social economy
This study acquired information about six indicators based on remote sensing data, fractional vegetation cover (FVC), leaf area index (LAI), net primary productivity (NPP), WET, land surface temperature (LST), and water use efficiency (WUE), which can represent vegetation greenness, thickness, productivity, moisture, heat, and growth suitability, respectively
Regions with good and excellent vegetation ecology quality (VEQ) were predominately located in humid areas (Figure 3)
Summary
The quality of ecological environment can reflect the suitability of ecological environment for human survival and sustainable development of the social economy. In the past twenty years, the rapid development of China’s economy has led to the deterioration of the ecological environment in some regions (e.g., the southwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the western Hunshandake Sandy Area, and the northern Tianshan Mountains) [1]. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1419 reverse the deterioration of the ecological environment, the relevant departments took some ecological measures (e.g., the Grain for Green Program, Afforestation, wetland protection and irrigation). The vast land area and complex terrain of China make it difficult to obtain data on species structure (e.g., uniformity and abundance of animal and microbial factors). The vegetation could provide many ecological services (e.g., purifying air, conserving water, regulating climate, preventing wind, fixing sand, and landscaping) [6]
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