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Abstract
Abstract The contamination of surface water by pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has attracted widespread attention, but data regarding their impacts on groundwater (GW) are sparse. In river–GW interaction areas, rivers are likely an important source of PPCPs in aquifers, especially rivers impacted by sewage treatment plant effluent. Understanding the characterization, transport, and risk is valuable for the effective protection of vital aquatic ecosystem services, environmental health, and drinking water supplies. To attain this objective, statistics with spatial analysis and ecological risk were used to assess the effects of artificial recharge (AR) engineering on 16 PPCPs in aquifers in North China. The results indicated that 15 PPCPs were detected in unconfined and confined aquifers, with a few PPCPs being detected up to 1,000 ng/L. The most frequently detected PPCPs were sulfisoxazole, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, and ibuprofen. In addition, the spatial and seasonal variations in most PPCPs were significant. Furthermore, the maximum concentrations were compared to the predicted no-effect concentrations to evaluate the ecological risk, and four PPCPs were found to be of medium or high ecological risk. This study highlights that AR engineering has a significant ecological effect on GW.
Highlights
China is one of the largest producers and consumers of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) (Liu & Wong ; Hanna et al )
PPCPs have been detected in surface water (SW), groundwater (GW), sediment, soil, and vegetables around China, some of which are considered environmentally pseudopersistent with continuous discharge (Kostich et al ; Peng et al ; Wang et al ; Zhang et al )
Six PPCPs need priority attention, including IBU, SMX, SMZ, SMR, SFS, and SCP, whose frequencies of detection are higher than 50% in each sampling season
Summary
China is one of the largest producers and consumers of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) (Liu & Wong ; Hanna et al ). Due to widespread consumption and inefficient treatment, using PPCPs has put pressure on the environment, resulting in drinking water resources in China being threatened (Thomas et al ; Wang et al a). 92,700 tons of antibiotics were consumed in 2013 in China, and approximately. PPCPs have been detected in surface water (SW), groundwater (GW), sediment, soil, and vegetables around China, some of which are considered environmentally pseudopersistent with continuous discharge (Kostich et al ; Peng et al ; Wang et al ; Zhang et al ).
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