Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been responsible for the increasing number of diarrhea cases in Sinaloa, Mexico, since 2003. We investigated the presence, distribution, and content of V. parahaemolyticus toxigenic genes detected in water, zooplankton, and sediment samples in relation to environmental variables in Caimanero Lagoon (Mazatlán, Sinaloa). Samples were analyzed by PCR to detect the presence of V. parahaemolyticus and its toxigenic factors. Of all the samples analyzed, 57.5% tested positive for thermolabile hemolysin (tlh), a gene indicative of the species. The thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and tdh-related hemolysin (trh) genes, which are both pathogenicity markers of this species, were detected in 9% and 6% of the samples, respectively. The orf8 fragment, which has been recently detected in pandemic strains (O3:K6), was detected in 11% of the samples. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was detected more frequently in zooplankton, with the highest incidence observed in February. Salinity was positively correlated with V. parahaemolyticus; however, no correlation was found between V. parahaemolyticus and temperature. The presence of toxigenic V. parahaemolyticus during the different seasons indicates the need to maintain continuous sanitary inspection of fish products from Caimanero Lagoon.
Highlights
Instituto Tecnológico de Mazatlán (ITMAZ), no. 203, Colonia Urías, CP 82070, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico. 3 Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Av
Distribution, and content of V. parahaemolyticus toxigenic genes detected in water, zooplankton, and sediment samples in relation to environmental variables in Caimanero Lagoon (Mazatlán, Sinaloa)
Samples were analyzed by PCR to detect the presence of V. parahaemolyticus and its toxigenic factors
Summary
Vibrio cholerae (Kaysner and DePaola 2004, Johnson 2013). The members of this genus are free-living microorganisms that are found in marine and estuarine water and sediment habitats, but they can be associated with the fishes, bivalves, or plankton in an ecosystem (Cariani et al 2012, Ottaviani et al 2013, Givens et al 2014). In 2004, more than 1,230 V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 clinical gastroenteritis cases were recorded after the consumption of raw shrimp from the Huizache–Caimanero lagoon system (Sinaloa, Mexico) (Cabanillas-Beltrán et al 2006). Overfishing and eutrophication by effluents loaded with nutrients from shrimp farms in the Huizache and Caimanero areas have contributed to changes in the natural ecological conditions of the lagoons and have affected the distribution and abundance of microbial populations, including those of bacteria (Beltrán-Pimienta and Retamoza-Leyva 2003, Romero-Beltrán et al 2014). En 2004, más de 1,230 casos clínicos de gastroenteritis por O3:K6 de V. parahaemolyticus fueron registrados después de la ingesta de camarones crudos provenientes del sistema lagunar Huizache-Caimanero (Sinaloa, México) (Cabanillas-Beltrán 2006). Rivas-Montaño et al.: Distribution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Caimanero Lagoon
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