Spatiotemporal Distribution and Genetic Characterization of Measles Strains Circulating in Greece during the 2017-2018 Outbreak.

Vasiliki Pogka,Anastasia Flountzi,Elina Horefti,Andreas Mentis,Theano Georgakopoulou,Evangelia Georgia Kostaki,Timokratis Karamitros,Maria Evangelidou,Dimitrios Paraskevis,Ioanna Magaziotou

doi:10.3390/v12101166

Abstract

Between May 2017 and November 2018, Greece has experienced a severe measles outbreak with a total of 3258 cases reported, after reaching its goal of eliminating measles since 2014–2015. In this study, we aimed to investigate the origin and the dispersal patterns of the measles strains that circulated in Greece during this outbreak and to identify possible transmission patterns of measles virus (MeV) in the country. Of the 832 measles suspect cases referred to the National Measles and Rubella Reference Laboratory for MeV RNA detection, 131 randomly selected positive samples, representative of the temporal and spatial distribution of the laboratory-confirmed measles cases in Greece, were processed for genotypic identification by an RT-PCR amplification of a 598 bp fragment containing the 450 bp hypervariable region of the measles virus N gene. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out by the approximate maximum likelihood method (ML) under the generalized time-reversible (GTR + cat) model. All samples analyzed were found to belong to genotype B3. Comparative analysis with other European and reference measles strains revealed three separate major clusters and other multiple viruses circulating simultaneously in Greece. They were all isolated from three main community groups, Greek-Roma children, non-minority Greek nationals and immigrants/refugees, a finding that is in accordance with what was also observed in the last two measles outbreaks in 2005–2006 and 2010–2011. Notably, for one of the three clusters, no similarity was detected with previously reported prototype strains. Our results indicate the need for a more intensive vaccination program against measles amongst minority populations and in refugee hot-spots as well as the importance of molecular surveillance as a tool for monitoring measles outbreaks.

Highlights

Measles Virus (MeV) belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and to the genus Morbillivirus
The purpose of this study is to identify the genetic identity of the measles strains that circulated in Greece during this outbreak, as well as to present their spatial and geographical distribution, in order to identify the sources of importation and transmission patterns of the virus in the country
According to the National Public Health Organization (NPHO), from May 2017 to December 2018, a total of 3258 measles cases were reported in Greece, making this outbreak the largest one experienced so far in the country in the 21st century

Summary

Introduction

Measles Virus (MeV) belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and to the genus Morbillivirus. It is an enveloped virus with a negative-sense, single-stranded, 15.6 Kb-long RNA genome. Measles is an acute viral illness, with symptoms like fever as high as 40 ◦C (105 ◦F), malaise, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and a characteristic maculopapular rash, which usually appears 14 days after the initial exposure to the virus. The illness is generally characterized as mild or moderately severe. Sometimes measles may result in complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis and even death, with the post-infectious encephalitis occurring in approximately one in 1000 reported measles cases. For every 1000 reported measles cases, almost two deaths are likely to occur [2]

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