Abstract
The geographical environment of Yunnan Province in China and Han migration during the Ming Dynasty contributed to the development of the Biantun culture. Biantun toponyms (BTT) record the integration process between the Central Plains and native Yunnan cultures. The GIS analysis method of toponyms was used in this study to reproduce the settlement characteristics of BTT and the spatial development of the Biantun culture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition, we have developed a toponymical landscape index to represent the degree of spatial integration between the BTT and ethnic minority toponyms in Yunnan and explore the spatial characteristics of the integration of Han immigrants and local ethnic minorities. The results show that the spatial distribution of the BTT is consistent with the sites selection of the Tuntian (屯田) in Yunnan during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the centroids of BTT spread to outskirts and intermontane area from central towns. In the Dali, Kunming, Qujing and other regions, the distribution characteristics of the integrated of BTT and ethnic minority toponyms reflect a higher degree of Sinicization in the central urban areas. Exploring the evolution of Biantun cultural development through the spatial characteristics of toponymical landscapes can help adjust policies for the development and protection of Biantun cultural resources.
Highlights
The geographical environment of Yunnan Province in China and Han migration during the Ming Dynasty contributed to the development of the Biantun culture
kernel density estimation (KDE) was performed on all Biantun toponyms (BTT) in Yunnan Province
In eastern Yunnan, the BTT were concentrated in Qujing, which is consistent with the strategic deployment to conquer Yunnan in the early Ming D ynasty[23]
Summary
The geographical environment of Yunnan Province in China and Han migration during the Ming Dynasty contributed to the development of the Biantun culture. Biantun toponyms (BTT) record the integration process between the Central Plains and native Yunnan cultures. The GIS analysis method of toponyms was used in this study to reproduce the settlement characteristics of BTT and the spatial development of the Biantun culture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Biantun culture takes the Central Plains culture as the core, relies on the frontier regional culture, integrating the traditional culture of the local ethnic groups, with the typical cultural characteristics of garrison reclamation to guard the frontier[1]. Due to the development of the military Tun, civilian Tun and commercial Tun, a large number of Han immigrants from the Central Plains came to Yunnan and gradually integrated with the local ethnic groups through processes such as intermarriage. The main characteristics of quantitative research on toponyms is to combine traditional cultural geography research ideas, using GIS technology, computer technology and quantitative analysis methods to analyze toponym landscapes[9]
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