Spatiotemporal behavior in a predator–prey model with herd behavior and cross-diffusion and fear effect

Abstract

In this manuscript, we investigate the fear effect on the spatiotemporal behavior of the predator–prey model with prey social behavior and cross-diffusive. Our main interest is to determine the existence of Turing patterns and the fear effect performed by predators on the prey population and the group defense. The fear can lead to a partition of the prey herd which is known as prey escaping. It is obtained that the system has rich dynamics elaborated by the presence of Turing patterns and Turing–Hopf bifurcation. The nature of Turing patterns is successfully discussed by analyzing the amplitude equations with a multiple-timescale technique. After studying the stability of these amplitude equations, it has been identified various Turing patterns driven by the cross-diffusion. Further, the effect of the fear rate or escaping rate on the behavior of the solution is discussed. The theoretical results are checked numerically.