Abstract
Watershed management plays a dynamic role in water resource engineering. Estimating surface runoff is an essential process of hydrology, since understanding the fundamental relationship between rainfall and runoff is useful for sustainable water resource management. To facilitate the assessment of this process, the Natural Resource Conservation Service-Curve Number (NRCS-CN) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were integrated. Furthermore, land use and soil maps were incorporated to estimate the temporal variability in surface runoff potential. The present study was performed on the Haridwar city, Uttarakhand, India for the years 1995, 2010 and 2018. In a context of climate change, the spatiotemporal analysis of hydro meteorological parameters is essential for estimating water availability. The study suggested that runoff increased approximately 48% from 1995 to 2010 and decreased nearly 71% from 2010 to 2018. In turn, the weighted curve number was found to be 69.24, 70.96 and 71.24 for 1995, 2010 and 2018, respectively. Additionally, a validation process with an annual water yield model was carried out to understand spatiotemporal variations and similarities. The study recommends adopting water harvesting techniques and strategies to fulfill regional water demands, since effective and sustainable approaches like these may assist in the simultaneous mitigation of disasters such as floods and droughts.
Highlights
Water assets are the most essential renewable resources required by inhabitants in all forms
Estimating surface runoff is an essential process of hydrology, since understanding the fundamental relationship between rainfall and runoff is useful for sustainable water resource management
Land use and land cover (LULC) classification describes the role of human beings in affecting the land-cover patterns with time, which reflects the amount of surface runoff that different types of surface can deal with [1]
Summary
Water assets are the most essential renewable resources required by inhabitants in all forms. The consumption of water resources needs an effective decision planning for handling both its quality and quantity by considering its spatiotemporal variations. Land use and land cover (LULC) classification describes the role of human beings in affecting the land-cover patterns with time, which reflects the amount of surface runoff that different types of surface can deal with [1]. The estimation and storage of stormwater is an essential component in the hydrological cycle to maintain the equilibrium in the city. Estimating surface runoff is essential and plays an important role in hydrological engineering, modeling, and its related applications such as water balance calculation and flood design [9,10,11]. Accounting for the spatiotemporal variability of runoff is complex, as it is governed by different hydrological parameters
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