Abstract
Successful establishment of plants is limited by both biotic and abiotic conditions and their interactions. Seedling establishment is also used as a direct measure of habitat suitability, but transient changes in vegetation might provide windows of opportunity allowing plant species to colonize sites which otherwise appear unsuitable. We aimed to study spatio-temporal variability in the effects of resident vegetation on establishment, growth and reproduction of dry grassland species in abandoned arable fields representing potentially suitable habitats. Seeds were sown in disturbed (bare of vegetation and roots) and undisturbed plots in three fields abandoned in the last 20 years. To assess the effects of temporal variation on plant establishment, we initiated our experiments in two years (2007 and 2008). Seventeen out of the 35 sown species flowered within two years after sowing, while three species completely failed to become established. The vegetation in the undisturbed plots facilitated seedling establishment only in the year with low spring precipitation, and the effect did not hold for all species. In contrast, growth and flowering rate were consistently much greater in the disturbed plots, but the effect size differed between the fields and years of sowing. We show that colonization is more successful when site opening by disturbance coincide with other suitable conditions such as weather or soil characteristics. Seasonal variability involved in our study emphasizes the necessity of temporal replication of sowing experiments. Studies assessing habitat suitability by seed sowing should either involve both vegetation removal treatments and untreated plots or follow the gradient of vegetation cover. We strongly recommend following the numbers of established individuals, their sizes and reproductive success when assessing habitat suitability by seed sowing since one can gain completely different results in different phases of plant life cycle.
Highlights
Seedling establishment poses a core restriction on the colonization of new habitats and largely determines the viability and structure of plant populations and communities [1]
Interactions of resident vegetation and establishing seedlings may switch between competition and facilitation as plants transition to different life-history stages
Our experiment demonstrated that many dry grassland species are able to recruit, grow and even reproduce within two years, when sown in abandoned fields suggesting that these fields should be considered to be suitable habitats for grassland species
Summary
Seedling establishment poses a core restriction on the colonization of new habitats and largely determines the viability and structure of plant populations and communities [1]. It is clear that seedling establishment can vary greatly in space and time together with environmental conditions [3]. Temporal environmental changes and their effect on establishment have received relatively less experimental attention theory suggests their importance for colonization and community assembly [7,8]. The resident vegetation, could facilitate the establishment of other species [12,13]. The relative importance of competition and facilitation differs greatly among investigated species and environments [14,15]. Facilitating effects may turn into competitive interactions along with changes in limiting environmental factors, such as moisture or temperature [16,17]. Interactions of resident vegetation and establishing seedlings may switch between competition and facilitation as plants transition to different life-history stages. The patterns observed in the early stages of plant development may not always correspond to those observed in later developmental stages [4]
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