Abstract
Spatio-temporal variations in vegetation fire patterns and burning trends in the Indo-Gangetic Region (IGR) were quantified using (MODIS) active fire, burn area and land cover data from 2002 to 2021. The k-means clustering was used to map the vegetation fire patterns by combining nine variables (fire incidence, intensity, inter-annual variability, seasonality and vegetation type) for two time periods: 2002–2007 and 2008–2021. Results showed that the burning pattern is changing from forest and shrubland to cropland area. Time-series analysis showed 2.6 times increase in the fire count from 2002 to 2021; however, monthly trend analysis showed a bimodal burning pattern in which high fire activity mainly occurs during May–June and October–November of the years from 2002 to 2021. There was a 10–15 days shift in burning season during October–November period from 2007 to 2008. Among IGR, the states of Punjab and Haryana (India) are intensely affected by the shifting of the burning season.
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