Abstract
Abstract. The rapid population growth and the urge in people to move to big cities for their settlement upshot in urban expansion. While stepping into the corridor of the 21st century, the utility of remote sensing and GIS techniques in various fields has made things understandable and thus enhances the ways of investigation for better decision making and management. The paper presents the Landsat Satellite series based Land Surface Temperature retrieval concerning land use/ land cover changes over Lahore District, Punjab, Pakistan. The Spatio-temporal analysis was performed from 1980–2020. We availed high-resolution Landsat and Sentinel-2 Satellite imagery to perform Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Supervised classification. Cloud-free satellite data was acquired from June, July, or August. Data pre-processing including atmospheric and terrain corrections were performed using ERDAS Imagine. The Red, NIR, and Thermal bands were utilized for LST estimation. ArcGIS 10.22 was used for making maps, analysis, and interpretations. The Spatio-temporal analysis of LULC and LST for the area indicates a great urbanization trend over the past forty years. People are migrating from small towns and villages to the metropolitan city of Pakistan for their livelihoods, and settlements. The built-up/urban land has expanded over the period with excessive construction that has affected the Land surface temperature. The area where human activity has increased shows higher LST’s as compared to green lands. The excessive construction has taken off the agricultural land, while the River Ravi still flows with a changing course and less water table. The COVID-19 pandemic hit in 2020 put everything on lockdown had an impact on environmental restoration due to fewer emissions and human activities. The overall classification accuracy of the images yielded substantial-high Kappa statistics of 80 %, 88%, 82%, 82.41%, and 87.76% for 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, and the 2020 images, respectively. The unplanned urbanization is leading the Lahore District to serious environmental issues and climate change impacts. The need of the hour is to properly plan and manage the area for the coming generations to have a healthier and sustainable place to breathe in.
Highlights
AND LITERATURE REVIEWThe rapid urban expansion and shrinking of green lands because of population growth are serious concerns in developing countries (Jarah et al, 2019)
Landsat cloud-free Satellite Imageries were acquired from the United States Geological Survey data hub for June, July, or August for the years 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2020, based on the data availability
It is evident in the results that the urban/built-up areas have been increased with population growth and the need for urban expansion
Summary
AND LITERATURE REVIEWThe rapid urban expansion and shrinking of green lands because of population growth are serious concerns in developing countries (Jarah et al, 2019). Pakistan is a country that has faced great climate change and global warming hit (Khan et al, 2016). Out of these odds, the extensive urbanization played as an add-on to impact the overall weather (Liu et al, 2020). Estimation of land use/land cover plays a vital role when appraising the impact of urban culture and its potential influence on temperature (Ding et al, 2013, Sadiq Khan et al, 2020). Arranging them into classes according to activity is significant, and comes out as “land use/land cover classification” (Deng et al, 2019). Hard classification is generally pixel-based and governs the resolution. In soft classification, fuzzy logic is adopted and is very useful to accommodate the mixed pixel issues (Luna et al, 2006)
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