Abstract
Lowlands represent a significant portion of agricultural areas in the world. Thus, understanding the spatial variability of the chemical and granulometric characteristics of hydromorphic soils can contribute to improving soil management and fertility. The objective of this work was to characterize spatial dependence, spatialized chemical attributes, granulometry, and the ideal number of samples in irrigated hydromorphic soil. Soil sampling was conducted in a grid of 10x10 m, in the layers of 0–0.1 and 0.1–0.2 m, totalling 432 composite samples. The evaluated attributes are as follows: pH in water, H+Al, SOM, Ca, Mg, Al, P, K, CTC, V%, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, clay, silt, and sand. The texture of the area was classified as loamy–sandy and free in the 0–0.1 and 0.1–0.2 m layers, respectively. The coefficient of variation of the attributes ranged from 2.71% (0–0.1m) to 149.07% (0.1–0.2m). All the attributes studied exhibited moderate to strong spatial dependence. The sample grid with a sampling interval of 20 m referring to the 0–0.1 m layer proved to be adequate. The ideal number of simple samples per composite is 19 for granulometry and macronutrients, and 28 for the micronutrients in the 0–0.1 m layer.
Highlights
Irrigation in lowlands or floodplains is important for agricultural food production
We present the results of a study on the physical and chemical properties of soil, using soil maps, in homogeneous units, which contributes to irrigation management (Jiménez-Aguirrea et al, 2018) and sustainable management of agricultural areas (Bogunovic et al, 2017)
The values of the attributes, pH (H2O), soil organic matter (SOM), Ca, Mg, P, and K in the depth range of 0.0–0.1 m, and those of the attributes, SOM, Ca, Mg, CTC, V%, and Fe in the depth range of 0.1–0.2 m were close or equal, indicating a normal distribution, which can be confirmed by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (Table 1)
Summary
Irrigation in lowlands or floodplains is important for agricultural food production. There is an estimated 93 million ha of rice cultivated in irrigated lowlands, corresponding to 75% of the total rice production (GRiSP, 2013). Tocantins (TO) has more than 500,000 ha of floodplain area, 9% of which is used for rice cultivation during the rainy season, and is mostly concentrated in the municipalities of Cristalândia, Dueré, Formoso do Araguaia, Lagoa da Confusão, and Pium (Kischel et al, 2011). In Goiás (GO), cultivation in lowlands or, more appropriately, in flood plains is predominant in the regions of Flores de Goiás, Formoso, and Luiz Alves, where there are public incentives for the implementation of the projects
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