Abstract
Understanding and quantitative delineation of Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (PXRF) -quantified elements and soil properties spatial variability are important for healthy turf development for golf courses. In this study, PXRF-quantified elements and soil properties (except soil acidity and alkalinity (pH), electric conductivity (EC), and textures) of 200 soil samples were measured by PXRF analyzer at different golf courses in Lubbock, Amarillo, and Midland in Texas, and Hobbs in New Mexico. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA), empirical bayesian kriging (EBK) and the ordinary least square model (OLSM) were used in the study. Two kinds of components were extracted and interpreted by PCA, the results showed Zn, Ti, Fe, Rb, V, Mn and Zr were associated with the component 1, while Sr was associated with the component 2, the preliminary classification of PXRF-quantified elements was formed by PCA. The EBK approach was used to evaluate the spatial patterns of PXRF-quantified elements and soil properties. The OLSM model quantitatively related pH to EC, silt texture and the PXRF-quantified K, Ca and Sr. The integration of PCA, EBK and OLSM revealed quantitative links between soil pedogenesis and causes, spatial variability and couple relationships of PXRF-quantified elements and soil properties over golf courses.
Highlights
Proximal soil sensing presents the characteristics of interdisciplinary with pedometrics, pedology and morphology
A wide range of natural and anthropogenic types and spatial variation of soil contaminants making potentially very high costs[31], while Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (PXRF) spectroscopy is a better method for soil heavy metal remediation providing real-time measurements of quantified-elements (e.g., Zn, Ti, Fe, Rb, V, Mn, Zr and Sr) to support an on-the-go assessment
The majority of the elements, reasonably good correlation was found between PXRF and ICP data (As, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn), but concluded that ICP analysis provided better detection of elements at low levels (
Summary
Proximal soil sensing presents the characteristics of interdisciplinary with pedometrics, pedology and morphology. Few studies have performed spatial variability of soil properties and PXRF-quantified elements in semi-arid soils for golf courses. Spatial analysis has been progressing to increase prediction accuracy of soil properties and PXRF-quantified elements. Samsonova et al (2017) developed a comparison study of organic carbon content using ordinary kriging and EBK, showed that EBK had good performance by revealing the heterogeneities of soil properties and PXRF-quantified elements[28]. We chose EBK approach to generate prediction maps of soil properties and PXRF-quantified elements in golf course soils. A set of study about soil pedogenesis and causes, spatial variability and couple relationships of the PXRF-quantified elements and soil properties over golf courses is more beneficial to improve intensively turfgrass management. The specific objectives and aims of this research were to: (1) sample and scan soils from golf courses, and develop spatial variability of them via EBK; (2) perform coupled relationships between soil properties and PXRF-quantified elements based on OLSM, and reveal the quantitative relationship between lab measured variables and PXRF-quantified elements from the soils sampled in golf courses
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