Spatial trajectories of coffee harvesting in large-scale plantations: Ecological and management drivers and implications

Abstract

CONTEXTCoffee is produced under different management systems and scales of production categorized as Syndromes of Production. The “Capitalist Syndrome” is characterized by large-scale and high-density planting farms that may promote the development of plant pathogens like coffee leaf rust (CLR). Harvesting dynamics are also affected by the syndrome of production and generate spatial trajectories that could contribute to the dispersal of pathogens across and within plantations. However, these spatial trajectories have not yet been described, nor their relationship with the syndrome of production, and even less its potential ecological implications for pathogen dispersal. OBJECTIVEDescribe and analyze the daily spatial movement of coffee harvesters in two large-scale capitalist plantations, an organic and a conventional plantation, and systematize the drivers that might explain the differences in the spatial trajectories. METHODSUsing State-Space Models, we recorded and analyzed the spatial movements of harvesters. We then constructed a driver tree for harvest dynamics, which incorporated qualitative variables related to the environment, coffee biology, and management aspects reported by the harvesters or in previous studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThe model differentiated two kinds of movements: 1) when trees have berries, harvesters remain in the coffee rows or areas nearby (Collect state; 94–98 % of the steps); 2) when not, harvesters make longer steps within the harvesting location or move to another area (Search state; 2–6 % of the steps). In the organic plantation, the Search state had a longer-tailed step-length distribution than in the conventional plantation, resulting in a significantly larger visited area per worker (p < 0.05). This might be directly related to the lower interplant ripening percentage or smaller harvesting locations (“pantes”) per number of harvesters. The number of harvested trees might be affected by the fruit load or the coffee variety, among others. Harvesting movements that explore a larger area, either by visiting more plants or by changing locations on the same day, could create more foci of CLR infection across the plantation. SIGNIFICANCEThese results constitute an initial analysis of harvesting trajectories and highlight practices that can reduce the potential impact of human dispersal of pathogens, like shorter harvesting trajectories by working fewer hours a day or avoiding harvesting at the end of the maturation season when few trees have berries and harvesters have to travel medium to long distances. This calls for organic coffee management that could prevent diseases and guarantee just and safe conditions for workers.