Abstract
Rapid urbanization drives land cover change, affecting urban ecosystems and inducing serious environmental issues. The study region of Changchun, China was divided into three urbanization categories according to different urbanization levels and the characteristics of urban sprawl and changes and relationships between typical ecosystem services (ESs) under rapid urbanization were analysed. The results showed that Changchun has undergone considerable urban expansion since 2000, which has significantly impacted all ESs in terms of spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Habitat suitability and crop yield have relatively stronger service capacity in the study area. Since the expansion of large-scale infrastructures, the mean ES values of developed urban areas are the lowest among the three zones, except for water retention and sandstorm prevention in 2015, when the balance between all services decreased. Over the past 16 years, habitat suitability in developing urban areas has decreased to a large extent due to urban sprawl. Because of the improvement in agricultural science and technology, crop yield in three regions increased, while the area of cropland reduced from 1720 km2 to 1560 km2 (9.3%). Synergies between habitat suitability and carbon storage and habitat suitability and soil retention were detected in three areas. A trade-off between habitat suitability and water retention was detected in three areas. The interactions between crop yield and carbon storage, habitat suitability, and soil retention were more complex in this study region. In addition to water retention, urbanization index has a negative correlation with ESs. According to the results, some suggestions to alleviate ES loss during the process of rapid urbanization were proposed, which may guide scientific urban planning for sustainable urban development.
Highlights
Introduction published maps and institutional affilUrbanization is a global universal process and an inevitable phase towards modernization for the development of most countries [1]
Based on night light data, the scope of urban and industrial land in the study area in 2000 and 2015 was extracted and the dynamic of urban expansion was obtained via the spatial analysis module of ArcGIS 10.3
The results showed that Changchun has undergone considerable urban expansion since 2000 (Figure 2)
Summary
Urbanization is a global universal process and an inevitable phase towards modernization for the development of most countries [1]. According to a report released by the United Nations, the rate of global urbanization increased from 30% to 55% between 1950 and 2018 and will continue to increase to 68% by 2050 [2]. In China, the urbanization rate, which was only 10.64% in 1949, exceeded 50% for the first time in 2011 and reached. There are many factors influencing urban expansion, including rural land reform, large-scale industrialization, incentive policy, migration, economic reform, and market-led urbanization, etc [3]. With the rapid development of urbanization, rural populations moved into cities and secondary and tertiary industries continued to gather in cities.
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