Abstract
Quadcopters can continuously observe ocean surface with high spatial resolution from relatively low altitude, albeit with certain limitations of their usage. Remote sensing from quadcopters provides unprecedented ability to study small river plumes formed in the coastal sea. The main goal of the current work is to describe structure and temporal variability of small river plumes on small spatial and temporal scales, which are limitedly covered by previous studies. We analyze optical imagery and video records acquired by quadcopters and accompanied by synchronous in situ measurements and satellite observations within the Kodor and Bzyp plumes, which are located in the northeastern part of the Black Sea. We describe extremely rapid response of these river plume to energetic rotating coastal eddies. We reveal several types of internal waves within these river plumes, measure their spatial and dynamical characteristics, and identify mechanisms of their generation. We suggest a new mechanism of formation of undulate fronts between small river plumes and ambient sea, which induces energetic lateral mixing across these fronts. The results reported in this study are addressed for the first time as previous related works were mainly limited by low spatial and/or temporal resolution of in situ measurements and satellite imagery.
Highlights
Airborne remote sensing of sea surface is constantly expanding during the last ten years due to significant progress in development of aerial drones, especially low-cost quadcopters [1,2,3,4,5,6]
We demonstrate the efficiency of aerial remote sensing in observations of surface manifestations of internal waves, and the ability of aerial remote sensing to measure their spatial and dynamical characteristics and to identify mechanisms of their generation
We used quadcopters equipped with video camera to perform aerial remote sensing of these river plumes, which was accompanied by synchronous in situ measurements in the sea
Summary
Airborne remote sensing of sea surface is constantly expanding during the last ten years due to significant progress in development of aerial drones, especially low-cost quadcopters [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Several works used airborne data to study physical properties of sea surface layer including estimation of turbulence [29] and reconstruction of surface currents [30,31]. We are not aware of any study, which addressed structure, variability, and dynamical features of small plumes using aerial remote sensing data. This point provides the main motivation of the current work
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