Abstract
Indoor localization is the basis for most Location-Based Services (LBS), including consumptions, health care, public security, and augmented reality. Sensory landmarks related to the indoor spatial structures (such as escalators, stairs, and corners) do not rely on active signal transmitting devices and have fixed positions, which can be used as the absolute positioning information to improve the performance of indoor localization effectively without extra cost. Specific motion patterns are presented when users pass these architectural structures, which can be captured by mobile built-in sensors, including accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers, to achieve the recognition of structure-related sensory landmarks. Therefore, the recognition of these landmarks can draw on the mature methods of Human Activity Recognition (HAR) with improvements. To this end, we improved a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network to recognize different kinds of spatial structure-related sensory landmarks. Labels of structural sensory landmarks were proposed, and data processing methods (including interpolation, filter, and window length) were used and compared to achieve the highest recognition accuracy of 99.6%.
Highlights
Sensory landmarks mainly have two roles in indoor localization: they provide absolute position calibration information and they assist in indoor mapping
Based on the designed labels, we built an Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network to identify sensory landmarks and achieved 99.6% accuracy
LSTM methods, we focus our comparison on the accuracy of the different methods used to recognize sensory landmarks
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Indoor localization technology is the foundation of many Location-Based Services and has received increasing attention due to its wide range of applications [1,2]. Sensory landmarks in indoor environments can be leveraged to provide zero-cost absolute location information, improving indoor localization performance [3] and meeting the requirements for low-cost and high-accuracy positioning. Sensory landmarks mainly have two roles in indoor localization: they provide absolute position calibration information and they assist in indoor mapping. Sensory landmarks are usually stable and have distinct characteristics in indoor environments. Sensory landmarks can provide accurate absolute indoor positioning for users.
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