Spatial, seasonal and long-term fluctuations of plankton in relation to hydroclimatic features in the English Channel, Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay

G Beaugrand,Pc Reid,F Ibañez

doi:10.3354/meps200093

Abstract

Plankton collected by the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey were investigated for the English Channel, Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay from 1979 to 1995. The main goal was to study the relationship between climate and plankton and to understand the factors influencing it. In order to take into account the spatial and temporal structure of biological data, a three-mode principal compo- nent analysis (PCA) was developed. It not only identified 5 zones characterised by their similar biolo- gical composition and by the seasonal and inter-annual evolution of the plankton, it also made species associations based on their location and year-to-year change. The studied species have stronger year- to-year fluctuations in abundance over the English Channel and Celtic Sea than the species offshore in the Bay of Biscay. The changes in abundance of plankton in the English Channel are negatively related to inter-annual changes of climatic conditions from December to March (North Atlantic Oscil- lation (NAO) index and air temperature). Thus, the negative relationship shown by Fromentin & Planque (1996; Mar Ecol Prog Ser 134: 11 1-1 18) between year-to-year changes of Calanus finmarchi- cus abundance in the northern North Atlantic and North Sea and NAO was also found for the most abundant copepods in the Channel. However, the hypothesis proposed to explain the plankton/NAO relationship is different for this region and a new hypothesis is proposed. In the Celtic Sea, a relation- ship between the planktomic assemblage and the air temperature was detected, but it is weaker than for the English Channel. No relationship was found for the Bay of Biscay. Thus, the local physical en- vironment and the biological composition of these zones appear to modify the relationship between winter climatic conditions and the year-to-year fluctuations of the studied planktonic species. This shows, therefore, that the relationship between climate and plankton is difficult to generalise.

Highlights

Study of large-scale spatial and temporal patterns in ecosystems is fundamental to understanding their natural variability
Plankton collected by the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR)survey were investigated for the English Channel, Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay from 1979 to 1995.The main goal was to study the relationship between climate and plankton and to understand the factors influencing it
The connection between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and plankton has been mainly studied in the northern North Atlantic and North Sea (Planque & Taylor 1998, Reid et al 1998).In addition, only a few studies have focussed on the importance of the local physical environment in the year-to-year evolution of plankton and its relationships with climatic factors

Summary

Introduction

Study of large-scale spatial and temporal patterns in ecosystems is fundamental to understanding their natural variability. Their evolution depends on a large range of biotic and abiotic factors such as their species composition, local hydrodynamic characteristics and climatic parameters. Se'condly, relationships between the yearto-year variability of plankton in each distinct zone was related to the long-term climatic changes expressed by the NAO index from Hurrell(1995) and the air temperature from the coarse long-term data sets in COADS (the Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Dataset). The effects of the local physical characteristics and biological composition of each zone were taken into account to better understand the factors influencing the long-term relationship between the plankton and the climatic parameters

Methods

Results

Conclusion