Spatial Profiles in Triple-negative Breast Cancer: Unraveling the Tumor Microenvironment and Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Abstract

Abstract Objective: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become an important treatment option for cancer. However, the predictive power of current biomarkers is limited for treatment response, especially in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Investigation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) may provide biological insights into the response to ICIs by uncovering the interactions among tumor and immune cells. Emerging technologies of spatial transcriptomics (ST) and proteomics allow clinical researchers to better understand the TME. Data Sources and Study Selection: We reviewed the results of articles published in the past 10 years worldwide. Results: Emerging spatial profiling technologies can be classified into image-based and sequencing-based methods, both of which preserve information on tissue architecture with gene expression and/or protein abundance profiles. Here, we reviewed articles studying TNBC using spatial profiling techniques. By integrating spatial profiles, recent studies showed the relevance of gene and protein expression profiles in the TME of different subgroups. These ST and proteomic characteristics were shown to be associated with patients’ survival. Conclusion: The application of spatial profiling techniques to cancer research has significantly advanced our understanding of breast cancer biology, particularly in the context of TNBC. We are confident that the technology has the potential to revolutionize the prediction of treatment outcomes in the near future. By elucidating the nuances within the TME, spatial profiling opens up new possibilities for personalized strategies for immunotherapy.