Abstract

Abstract. Probabilistic predictions of the sea level contribution from Antarctica often have large uncertainty intervals. Calibration of model simulations with observations can reduce uncertainties and improve confidence in projections, particularly if this exploits as much of the available information as possible (such as spatial characteristics), but the necessary statistical treatment is often challenging and can be computationally prohibitive. Ice sheet models with sufficient spatial resolution to resolve grounding line evolution are also computationally expensive. Here we address these challenges by adopting and comparing dimension-reduced calibration approaches based on a principal component decomposition of the adaptive mesh model BISICLES. The effects model parameters have on these principal components are then gathered in statistical emulators to allow for smooth probability density estimates. With the help of a published perturbed parameter ice sheet model ensemble of the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE), we show how the use of principal components in combination with spatially resolved observations can improve probabilistic calibrations. In synthetic model experiments (calibrating the model with altered model results) we can identify the correct basal traction and ice viscosity scaling parameters as well as the bedrock map with spatial calibrations. In comparison a simpler calibration against an aggregated observation, the net sea level contribution, imposes only weaker constraints by allowing a wide range of basal traction and viscosity scaling factors. Uncertainties in sea level rise contribution of 50-year simulations from the current state of the ASE can be reduced with satellite observations of recent ice thickness change by nearly 90 %; median and 90 % confidence intervals are 18.9 [13.9, 24.8] mm SLE (sea level equivalent) for the proposed spatial calibration approach, 16.8 [7.7, 25.6] mm SLE for the net sea level calibration and 23.1 [−8.4, 94.5] mm SLE for the uncalibrated ensemble. The spatial model behaviour is much more consistent with observations if, instead of Bedmap2, a modified bedrock topography is used that most notably removes a topographic rise near the initial grounding line of Pine Island Glacier. The ASE dominates the current Antarctic sea level contribution, but other regions have the potential to become more important on centennial scales. These larger spatial and temporal scales would benefit even more from methods of fast but exhaustive model calibration. Applied to projections of the whole Antarctic ice sheet, our approach has therefore the potential to efficiently improve our understanding of model behaviour, as well as substantiating and reducing projection uncertainties.

Highlights

  • The Antarctic ice sheet is currently losing mass at a rate of around 0.5 to 0.6 mm global mean sea level equivalent per year, predominantly in the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) area of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) (Shepherd et al, 2018; Bamber et al, 2018)

  • One exception is the ensemble by Nias et al (2016), which uses the adaptive mesh model BISICLES at sub-kilometre minimum resolution over the ASE domain (Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith and Pope glaciers)

  • We present probabilistic estimates of the dynamic contribution to sea level of unforced 50-year simulations of the Amundsen Sea Embayment in West Antarctica from a grounding-line-resolving ice sheet model

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Summary

Introduction

The Antarctic ice sheet is currently losing mass at a rate of around 0.5 to 0.6 mm global mean sea level equivalent per year (mm SLE a−1), predominantly in the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) area of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) (Shepherd et al, 2018; Bamber et al, 2018). These improvements cannot yet overcome the challenges of simulating what can be described as an underdetermined system with more unknowns than knowns For this reason, some studies use parameter perturbation approaches which employ ensembles of model runs, where each ensemble member is a possible representation of the ice sheet using a different set of uncertain input parameter values (Nias et al, 2016; DeConto and Pollard, 2016; Schlegel et al, 2018; Gladstone et al, 2012; Ritz et al, 2015; Bulthuis et al, 2019) One exception is the ensemble by Nias et al (2016), which uses the adaptive mesh model BISICLES at sub-kilometre minimum resolution over the ASE domain (Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith and Pope glaciers)

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