Spatial patterns of growth in the mussel, Mytilus californianus, across a major oceanographic and biogeographic boundary at Point Conception, California, USA

Abstract

The Point Conception, California, USA region (hereafter PC) is one of the most important biogeographic and oceanographic discontinuities on the US west coast. Here we address how mesoscale oceanographic variability in the region around PC affects the growth of the competitively dominant species in the rocky intertidal assemblage: the mussel Mytilus californianus. Strong upwelling and high wave exposure dominate the California coast north of PC, and weak, seasonal upwelling and warmer water temperatures are characteristic of the region south/east of PC. We hypothesized that the oceanographic gradients in temperature, upwelling, wave exposure and productivity around PC would exert strong bottom–up influences on growth rates of mussels, potentially underlying large-scale differences in community structure around the PC region. We evaluated these predictions by measuring mussel growth rates across the PC region both in the intertidal and offshore on moorings. Intertidal mussels grew at much higher rates at sites south relative to north of PC and growth rates decreased in a gradient from south to north. The gradient in intertidal mussel growth around PC was uncorrelated with inshore concentrations of chlorophyll-a, and was most strongly correlated with the alongshore gradient in wave exposure and intertidal temperature. Mussels on moorings offshore from the intertidal sites grew at much higher rates than those in the corresponding intertidal areas, and mussel growth rates did not differ significantly among moored locations around PC. The gradient of increasing temperature from north to south among mooring sites was correlated with a decreasing gradient in productivity in the same direction, potentially contributing to equal and opposite effects on mussel growth at offshore moorings. This study suggests that environmental factors such as cold temperatures and high wave exposure contribute to the spatial pattern of decreasing mussel growth rates from south to north around PC, underlying large-scale patterns of community structure in this region.