Spatial patterns in zooplankton communities across the eastern Canadian sub-Arctic and Arctic waters: insights from stable carbon ( 13C) and nitrogen ( 15N) isotope ratios

Abstract

This study defined the status quo of biogeographic domains and examined spatial patterns of stable isotopes (SIs) of carbon and nitrogen in relation to biophysical groupings to gain greater insight into how mesozooplankton may respond to continuous environmental change in the Canadian Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Mesozooplankton communities were sampled during the summer of 2007 along a transect from Belle-Isle Strait, NFL, to Kugluktuk, NU (Canada), and during the early autumn of 2009 along a transect extending from Pelly Bay to Hall Beach, NU. Five broad water mass types corresponded to geographical regions. In general, we found relationships between water mass and species composition; however, this relationship was not always straightforward. Mesozooplankton community composition varied along the transect, revealing eight species assemblages. Calanus finmarchicus was abundant in the warmer and saltier Atlantic waters of the Labrador Sea, whereas Calanus hyperboreus, Calanus glacialis and Metridia longa were most abundant in the cold Arctic waters of Central Baffin Bay and in the eastern portion of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Nitrogen and carbon SI analysis revealed that δ15N (but not δ13C) varied spatially for C. glacialis, C. hyperboreus, Paraeuchaeta spp. and Themisto libellula. δ15N values were less enriched in Davis Strait and more enriched in the Gulf of Boothia. Seasonality, oceanic fronts and changes in the trophic structure at the base of each regional food web may explain some of the observed variability. This study represents the first broad-scale characterization of the composition and isotopic signatures for mesozooplankton communities ranging from the sub-Arctic Atlantic to the western Central Arctic Archipelago. Our study provides a baseline of the zooplankton community for monitoring species biogeographical range.