Spatial Extent and Distribution of Ambient Airborne Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in Selected Land Use Sites in Nairobi, Kenya.

Caroline Kiai,Michael Gatari,Joseph Sang,Christopher Kanali

doi:10.1155/2021/4258816

Abstract

Air pollution is one of the most important environmental and public health concerns worldwide. Urban air pollution has been increasing since the industrial revolution due to rapid industrialization, mushrooming of cities, and greater dependence on fossil fuels in urban centers. Particulate matter (PM) is considered to be one of the main aerosol pollutants that causes a significant adverse impact on human health. Low-cost air quality sensors have attracted attention recently to curb the lack of air quality data which is essential in assessing the health impacts of air pollutants and evaluating land use policies. This is mainly due to their lower cost in comparison to the conventional methods. The aim of this study was to assess the spatial extent and distribution of ambient airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in Nairobi City County. Seven sites were selected for monitoring based on the land use type: high- and low-density residential, industrial, agricultural, commercial, road transport, and forest reserve areas. Calibrated low-cost sensors and cyclone samplers were used to monitor PM2.5 concentration levels and gravimetric measurements for elemental composition of PM2.5, respectively. The sensor percentage accuracy for calibration ranged from 81.47% to 98.60%. The highest 24-hour average concentration of PM2.5 was observed in Viwandani, an industrial area (111.87 μg/m³), and the lowest concentration at Karura (21.25 μg/m³), a forested area. The results showed a daily variation in PM2.5 concentration levels with the peaks occurring in the morning and the evening due to variation in anthropogenic activities and the depth of the atmospheric boundary layer. Therefore, the study suggests that residents in different selected land use sites are exposed to varying levels of PM2.5 pollution on a regular basis, hence increasing the potential of causing long-term health effects.

Highlights

Clean air is a basic requirement for human well-being and health [1]
Air pollution poses a significant threat to human health, and it is largely attributed to the occurrence of high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide [2, 3]
Urban air pollution is of great concern in both developing and developed countries

Summary

Introduction

Air pollution poses a significant threat to human health, and it is largely attributed to the occurrence of high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide [2, 3]. Urban air pollution is of great concern in both developing and developed countries. Airborne particulate matter pollution is a major environmental risk factor with well-documented short- and long-term effects on human mortality and morbidity [8]. According to Shilenje et al [14], Nairobi County has undergone a significant land use/cover change transformation principally occasioned by increasing numbers of residential estates, city expansion, industrialization, and a rising human population. As one of the developing countries, Kenya experiences serious environmental challenges concerning air quality deterioration, water pollution, noise pollution, and soil contamination. Most research has been done regarding water pollution and degradation of soil, but little attention has been given to air quality deterioration. is has led to limited information on air pollution within the urban centers. erefore it is difficult to assess the impacts of urban development and increase in urban population. is study, aimed to assess the spatial extent and distribution of ambient airborne particulate matter (PM2.5). is assessment is important to decision-makers, planners, and regulatory bodies in the sustainable management of air quality in urban centers

Materials and Methods

Results and Discussion

Mathare