Abstract
The immune system exhibits spatial diversity in in vivo tissues. Immune cells are strategically distributed within tissues to maintain the organ integrity. Advanced technologies such as intravital imaging and spatial transcriptomics have revealed the spatial heterogeneity of immune cell distribution and function within organs such as the liver, kidney, intestine, and lung. In addition, these technologies visualize nutrient and oxygen environments across tissues. Recent spatial analyses have suggested that a functional immune niche is determined by interactions between immune and non-immune cells in an appropriate nutrient and oxygen environment. Understanding the spatial communication between immune cells, environment, and surrounding non-immune cells is crucial for developing strategies to control immune responses and effectively manage inflammatory diseases.
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