Abstract
Prevalence of fluorosis is a worldwide public health issue, especially in the West Azerbaijan province of Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate fluoride concentration in drinking water resources within Maku city, in both the warm and cold seasons, to perform a health risk assessment. Fluoride were measured using UV-visible spectrophotometry. The spatial distribution was calculated by the software ArcGIS and Hazard Quotients (HQs) were calculated according to the US EPA method. The fluoride concentrations ranged between 0.29 to 6.68 and 0.1 to 11.4 mg/L in the cold and warm seasons, respectively. Based on this report, 30.64 and 48.15% of the samples revealed a fluoride level higher than the permissible level in the cold and warm seasons, respectively. Moreover, results showed that the HQ value in the warm season for different age groups was higher than the HQ value in the cold season. In both seasons, the non-carcinogenic risks of fluoride for the four exposed populations varied according to the order: children > teenagers > adults > infants. The HQ values for three age groups (children, teenager and adults) for both seasons were higher than 1 with a high risk of fluorosis. The results of this study, support the requests that government authorities better manage water supplies to improve health quality.
Highlights
Population growth, industrialization of societies, and increased droughts have led both a reduction of groundwater levels and increased pollution in drinking water sources
Karimzade et al carried out a study on the effect of the fluoride on the intelligence quotient (IQ) of children in two similar rural communities of Azerbaijan Province in Iran with drinking water with high and low fluoride levels and the results proved there is a significant linear trend for children in the high-drinking water F region to have a lower IQ [16]
The Hazard Quotients (HQs) values of our study indicated that health risks assessment in relation to fluoride concentration, both for children and adults, are significant only from drinking water consumption and a potential risk of dental and skeletal fluorosis could be expected
Summary
Population growth, industrialization of societies, and increased droughts have led both a reduction of groundwater levels and increased pollution in drinking water sources. Among the pollutants of drinking water sources heavy metals, pesticides, nitrates, radon and fluoride can be mentioned [1,2,3,4,5]. The human intake of fluoride occurs through water, soil and air but, among these, the main source of fluoride is drinking water [6,7,8]. Since fluoride is 100% water-soluble, the daily intake of fluoride depends on both concentration of fluoride in the drinking water and the daily intake of the same drinking water [7]. Fluoride intake is beneficial for human health only in a standard concentration range defined by the
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