Abstract
IntroductionThe contribution of high tuberculosis (TB) transmission pockets in propagating area-wide transmission has not been adequately described in Zimbabwe. This study aimed to describe the presence of hotspot transmission of TB cases in Harare city from 2011 to 2012 using geospatial techniques.MethodsAnonymised TB patient data stored in an electronic database at Harare City Health department was analysed using geospatial methods. Confirmed TB cases were mapped using geographic information system (GIS). Global Moran’s I and Anselin Local Moran’s I (LISA) were used to assess clustering and the local Getis-Ord Gi* was used to estimate hotspot phenomenon of TB cases in Harare City for the period between 2011 and 2012.ResultsA total of 12,702 TB cases were accessed and mapped on the Harare City map. In both 2011 and 2012, ninety (90%) of cases were new and had a high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/TB co-infection rate of 72% across all suburbs. Tuberculosis prevalence was highest in the Southern district in both 2011 and 2012. There were pockets of spatial distribution of TB prevalence across West South West, Southern, Western, South Western and Eastern health districts. TB hot spot occurrence was restricted to the West South West, parts of South Western, Western health districts. West South West district had an increased peri-urban population with inadequate social services including health facilities. These conditions were conducive for increased intensity of TB occurrence, a probable indication of high transmission especially in the presence of high HIV co-infection.Conclusions and recommendationsIncreased TB transmission was limited to a health district with high informal internal migrants with limited health services in Harare City. To minimise spread of TB into greater Harare, there is need to improve access to TB services in the peri-urban areas.
Highlights
The contribution of high tuberculosis (TB) transmission pockets in propagating area-wide transmission has not been adequately described in Zimbabwe
TB hot spot occurrence was restricted to the West South West, parts of South Western, Western health districts
Tuberculosis (TB) is a respiratory infectious disease transmitted through inhalation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in aerosolized droplet nuclei [1]
Summary
The contribution of high tuberculosis (TB) transmission pockets in propagating area-wide transmission has not been adequately described in Zimbabwe. This study aimed to describe the presence of hotspot transmission of TB cases in Harare city from 2011 to 2012 using geospatial techniques. Harare City notified a total of 12,702 TB patients between 2011 and 2012 (Fig 1). Ninety (90%) of all TB cases were new and 4,524 (35.6%) of the patients had sputum smear positive TB. Percentage HIV prevalence ranged between 65% to 77% in Central and North Western districts respectively in 2011 (Table 1). In 2012, HIV prevalence ranged between 68% to 76% in South eastern and Southern districts respectively. Prevalence of TB was lowest in Central district and highest in Southern district for both 2011 and 2012, 158/100,000 population to 651/100,000 population in 2011 and 190/ 100,000 population and 648/100,000 in 2012 respectively (Table 2)
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