Abstract
Background: Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito. Dengue has become an important public health problem worldwide. It affects tropical and subtropical regions around the world, predominantly in urban and semi urban areas. Dengue outbreaks characteristically have been associated with high rainfall as well as elevated temperatures and humidity. In Malaysia, dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) have shown an increasing trend. This study aimed to map the spatial distributions of dengue cases in Putrajaya through integration of Geographical Information System (GIS) and spatial statistical analyses. Methodology: This study analysed 389 dengue cases from 2013 to 2014 in different precincts in Putrajaya. Data were collected from various government health agencies. Three spatial statistical analyses [Moran’s I, Average Nearest Neighbourhood (ANN) and Kernel Density estimation] were used to access spatial distribution cases. Results: Analysis showed dengue cases within the district were highly clustered and occurred at an average distance of 264.91 meters. Several locations especially residential areas had been identified as hot spots of dengue cases in the precinct by using kernel density estimation analysis. Conclusion: The study has shown that by integrating spatial analysis using GIS, it is possible to improve the understanding of the distribution of dengue cases within a particular area. GIS and spatial statistical analyses are important in guiding health agencies, epidemiologists, public health officers, town planners and relevant authorities in developing efficient control measures and contingency programmes in identifying and prioritizing their efforts in effective dengue control activities.
Highlights
Dengue is an illness caused by a virus that is spread through mosquito bites
A total of 389 dengue cases were reported from 2012 to 2014 in Putrajaya with Precinct 11 (150 cases) notified the highest number of cases followed by Precinct 9 (105 cases), Precinct 14 (47 cases), Precinct 8 (29 cases), Precinct (15 cases), Precinct (14 cases), Precinct (13 cases), Precinct 15 (8 cases), and Precinct 5 (4 cases), Precinct 10 (2 cases) while both Precinct 1 recorded the lowest cases with only one case
Average Nearest Neighbourhood (ANN) analysis stated that the dengue cases were highly clustered and it was found that the significant spatial autocorrelation of dengue incidences occurred at an average distance of 264.91 meters
Summary
Dengue is an illness caused by a virus that is spread through mosquito bites. Symptoms include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, rash, and pain in the eyes, joints, and muscles [1]. With more than one-third of the world’s population living in areas at risk for infection, dengue virus is a leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics. Dengue infection is caused by dengue virus which is a mosquito-borne flavivirus It is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. This study aimed to map the spatial distributions of dengue cases in Putrajaya through integration of Geographical Information System (GIS) and spatial statistical analyses. Conclusion: The study has shown that by integrating spatial analysis using GIS, it is possible to improve the understanding of the distribution of dengue cases within a particular area. GIS and spatial statistical analyses are important in guiding health agencies, epidemiologists, public health officers, town planners and relevant authorities in developing efficient control measures and contingency programmes in identifying and prioritizing their efforts in effective dengue control activities
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