Spatial distribution of breast cancer in Sudan 2010-2016.

Marwa Maweya Abdelbagi Elbasheer,Siham Mohammed Awad Mohammed,Aisha Osman Mohamed,Hiba Reyad Abdalazeez,Mounkaila Noma,Areej Abuelgasim Hassan Abbas,Isra Mahgoub Bereir,Ayah Galal Abdelrahman Alkhidir,Erin Bowles

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211085

Marwa Maweya Abdelbagi Elbasheer, Siham Mohammed Awad Mohammed + Show 7 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211085

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Abstract

BackgroundBreast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among females worldwide including Sudan. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of breast cancer in Sudan.Materials and methodsA facility based cross-sectional study was implemented in eighteen histopathology laboratories distributed in the three localities of Khartoum State on a sample of 4630 Breast Cancer cases diagnosed during the period 2010–2016. A master database was developed through Epi InfoTM 7.1.5.2 for computerizing the data collected: the facility name, type (public or private), and its geo-location (latitude and longitude). Personal data on patients were extracted from their respective medical records (name, age, marital status, ethnic group, state, locality, administrative unit, permanent address and phone number, histopathology diagnosis). The data was summarized through SPSS to generate frequency tables for estimating prevalence and the geographical information system (ArcGIS 10.3) was used to generate the epidemiological distribution maps. ArcGIS 10.3 spatial analysis features were used to develop risk maps based on the kriging method.ResultsBreast cancer prevalence was 3.9 cases per 100,000 female populations. Of the 4423 cases of breast cancer, invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (NST) was the most frequent (79.5%, 3517/4423) histopathological diagnosis. The spatial analysis indicated as high risk areas for breast cancer in Sudan the States of Nile River, Northern, Red Sea, White Nile, Northern and Southern Kordofan.ConclusionsThe attempt to develop a predictive map of breast cancer in Sudan revealed three levels of risk areas (risk, intermediate and high risk areas); regardless the risk level, appropriate preventive and curative health interventions with full support from decision makers are urgently needed.

Highlights

Breast cancer (BC) is a disease characterized by different pathologies, biological characteristics and clinical behaviors
The spatial analysis indicated as high risk areas for breast cancer in Sudan the States of Nile River, Northern, Red Sea, White Nile, Northern and Southern Kordofan
The attempt to develop a predictive map of breast cancer in Sudan revealed three levels of risk areas; regardless the risk level, appropriate preventive and curative health interventions with full support from decision makers are urgently needed

Summary

Introduction

Breast cancer (BC) is a disease characterized by different pathologies, biological characteristics and clinical behaviors. It is the leading cancer among females worldwide with 641,000 cases reported in 1980 and 1,643,000 cases in 2010; the annual incidence increase between the two years was 3.1% [1]. The recent shift in its burden in the developing world is revealed by a high mortality rate and a poorer overall survival [2, 4]. The geographical distribution of BC in Africa revealed a marked variation in incidence within the continent with a high incidence rate of 130 cases per 100,000 in Northern African countries and a lowest rate of 95 cases per 100,000 recorded in the Western part of the African continent [5]. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of breast cancer in Sudan

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