Abstract
The regional policy in China is shifting from solely gross domestic product (GDP) orientation to development that is more balanced between economic growth and ecological protection, as well as achieving equality among regions. Using land use maps and the adjusted value coefficients to assess ecosystem service values (ESV) for the 1980s, 1995, 2000, and 2010, we estimated the ESV in Shaanxi Province for different years, and characterized the spatial and temporal distribution of ESV and GDP. The results demonstrated that the total value of ecosystem services in Shaanxi Province increased from 208.95 billion Yuan in the 1980s to 309.76 billion Yuan in 2010. Variation Coefficient (Cv) and Theil index (T) were used to reflect the disparities of GDP or ESV within the study area. The values of Cv in descending order are GDP, ESV per capita, ESV, and GDP per capita. The Theil indexes of GDP were much greater than the ones of ESV. Variations of Cv and T showed that disparity in GDP kept increasing from the 1980s to 2000, then decreased; while no significant change in regional disparity of ESV were detected in parallel. The cities with higher GDP usually contributed little to ESV, and vice versa. The variation in GDP and ESV, in terms of the prefectural totals and per capita values, increased from the 1980s to 2010. This study provides an accessible way for local decision makers to evaluate the regional balance between economic growth and ecosystem services.
Highlights
Ecosystem services can be defined as the goods and services provided by ecosystems, which contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly [1], or the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems and the species that comprise them to sustain and fulfill human life [2]
In contrast to most studies of dynamic evaluation of ecosystem service values (ESV) [17, 19, 21, 23], which have focused on changes in the ESV in response to land use changes and have adopted the same values per hectare for ecosystem services for different years, the present study focuses on ESV disparities among regions and compares them with the disparity in the gross domestic product (GDP)
Using the invest-based method, Ouyang Z et al [54] estimated the ecological services in China and concluded that ecological services increase in Loess Plateau in the western China from 2000 to 2010
Summary
Ecosystem services can be defined as the goods and services provided by ecosystems, which contribute to human welfare, both directly and indirectly [1], or the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems and the species that comprise them to sustain and fulfill human life [2]. Valuation of ecosystem services is useful to seek choices to manage natural and human-made capital more effectively and sustainably [5]. It has become a subject of increased interest in the field of ecology, environmental economics and sustainable development [6].
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