Spatial Correlation between Ecosystem Services and Human Disturbances: A Case Study of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, China

Yeyu He,Yalan Zhao,Yaoqiu Kuang,Zhu Ruan

doi:10.3390/rs13061174

Abstract

Exploring the spatial relationship between ecosystem services (ES) and human disturbance intensity (HDI) is vital for maintaining regional ecological security. This study aims to explore the spatial correlation between ES and HDI in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) and provide meaningful implications for coastal ecological planning. Multi-source remote sensing data, remote sensing software, and geographic information system provided initial data and technical support for this research. We integrated four human pressures (population, land-use, traffic, and energy) to map the HDI in the GBA for 2018. Coastal ES were comprehensively considered and spatially visualized by extracting the ES sources. The geographically weighted Pearson correlation coefficient and bivariate local Moran were used to quantitatively reflect and spatially visualize the detailed relationship between ES and HDI. Our study presents several key findings. First, the central and southern parts of the GBA are under strong HDI, dominated by a dense population and intense land utilization. Second, the kernel density of ES sources can better manifest the spatial distribution of ES objectively in comparison to the traditional model calculation. Provisioning services mainly originate from the periphery of the central cities; cultural services are highly concentrated in the heartland of the GBA; and regulating and maintenance services have high density in the outermost regions. Third, ES and HDI have a significant correlation, and the geographically weighted Pearson correlation coefficient and local indicator of spatial association cluster maps illustrate that unlike the global findings, the local correlation is spatially nonstationary as the local scale is affected by specific human activities, natural conditions, regional development, and other local factors. Four, high-capacity regions of ES provision are mainly under high HDI. Areas with high provisioning service values are mainly affected by population and traffic pressure, whereas regulating and maintenance services and cultural services are mainly dominated by high-density populations. Regulating and maintenance services are also affected by land-use pressure. We determine that human disturbance has negative spillover effects on ES, which should be the focus in regional ecological planning.

Highlights

This study aims to explore the spatial relationship between ecosystem services (ES) and human disturbance intensity (HDI) in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) in 2018 and provide foundations for mitigating environmental damage in sensitive or ecologically valuable coastal areas
The objectives of this study are to: (1) map the cumulative HDI by incorporating four types of human pressures based on multi-source remote sensing data; (2) depict the spatial pattern of ES according to the coastal ES classification system; (3) analyze the spatial correlations and clustering patterns of ES and HDI; and (4) identify the implications for coastal ecological planning
The strongest population disturbance is measured in the central cities (Hong Kong, Macao, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou); intermediate pressure is measured in Foshan, Zhongshan, Dongguan, and Zhuhai; and low pressure is measured in Jiangmen, Huizhou, and Zhaoqing (Figure 3a)

Summary

Introduction

Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES): provisioning, regulating, and maintenance, and cultural services [1]. These services are a necessary basis for socioeconomic development; ES abundance is a resilience descriptor for ecological security [2]. Coastal areas are economically important and provide abundant ES. Coastal regions are ecologically fragile and sensitive to environmental change [8]. The vulnerability of coastal ecosystems has been increasing as a result of human perturbations that compromise the ability to provide multiple ecosystem services. Human pressures caused by natural resource exploitation, infrastructure construction, and sea reclamation can exert irreversible effects on coastal ecosystems [9,10,11]

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