Abstract
Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs) enable vehicles to communicate with each other as well as with roadside units (RSUs). Although there is a significant research effort in radio channel modeling focused on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), not much work has been done for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) using 3D ray-tracing tools. This work evaluates some important parameters of a V2I wireless channel link such as large-scale path loss and multipath metrics in a typical urban scenario using a deterministic simulation model based on an in-house 3D Ray-Launching (3D-RL) algorithm at 5.9 GHz. Results show the high impact that the spatial distance; link frequency; placement of RSUs; and factors such as roundabout, geometry and relative position of the obstacles have in V2I propagation channel. A detailed spatial path loss characterization of the V2I channel along the streets and avenues is presented. The 3D-RL results show high accuracy when compared with measurements, and represent more reliably the propagation phenomena when compared with analytical path loss models. Performance metrics for a real test scenario implemented with a VANET wireless sensor network implemented ad-hoc are also described. These results constitute a starting point in the design phase of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) radio-planning in the urban V2I deployment in terms of coverage.
Highlights
According to the World Health Organization, about 1.25 million people die each year as a result of road traffic crashes and, without action, these have been predicted to rise to become the 7th leading cause of death by 2030 [1]
Deviation spatial path loss where parameters such as Deviation (STD)Mean obtained from the 3D Ray-Launching (3D-Ray Launching (RL)) simulation; and the multipath metrics such as Power delay Profile, obtained from the simulation; and the multipath metrics such as Profile, Mean excess delay, Root-Mean-Square Delay Spread and Coherence Bandwidth
An in-house deterministic 3D-RL tool was used to obtain an accurate estimation of V2I radio
Summary
According to the World Health Organization, about 1.25 million people die each year as a result of road traffic crashes and, without action, these have been predicted to rise to become the 7th leading cause of death by 2030 [1]. Some propagation impairments are analogous at the presented in short-range outdoor radio communication systems [16]: Reflection from, diffraction around and transmission loss through objects (influence of vegetation, building entry loss, cars, trees, pedestrians, etc.), external environment, which gives rise to issues such as temporal and spatial variation of path loss and multipath effects from reflected and diffracted components of the wave. The use of deterministic in-house or commercial 3D ray-tracing software to predict power as well as time, frequency and spatial dispersion in the radio channel in urban or V2X scenario is reported by Rodriguez et al [24] and Campolo et al [27]. Main contributions of this work include deterministic hybrid simulation techniques as a useful tool in system level analysis, the combination of physical layer with application-based results and the implementation of a functional vehicular testbed to analyze a real context aware environment.
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