Spatial and Temporal Variation in Water Quality of River Benue, Nigeria

Ishaq S Eneji,Agada P Onuche,Rufus Sha’Ato

doi:10.4236/jep.2012.328106

Abstract

The study investigates the spatial and temporal variation in water quality parameters at ten different locations along River Benue for twelve consecutive months. In order to explore the spatial variation among different stations and seasonal changes, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to group these on the basis of spatial similarities. MANOVA on season and station shows that there is no significant difference between the stations investigated while there is for the seasons. This could be viewed as a resulting from the narrow spatial sampling interval (12 km at 0.7% total length of River Benue). However, discriminate analysis identified all the parameters to discriminate between the three seasons with 99.2% correct assignations. Two discriminate functions were found and the total variance cumulative was 100% between seasons. The first function explained 64.8% of the total variance between the seasons while the second function explained 35.2%. Total solids (TS) were the highest contributor in discriminate functions 1 and 2. Therefore, discriminate function analysis would enable us to predict the likely season a water sample from metropolitan Makurdi was collected given the values of the water quality parameters. It also enables us to conclude that all the parameters were responsible for significant seasonal variations in River Benue water quality.

Highlights

multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) on season and station shows that there is no significant difference between the stations investigated while there is for the seasons
The quality and quantity of river water is influenced by both natural processes and anthropogenic interferences; the latter constitutes one of the major causes of environmental problems that alter the hydrochemistry in our river systems
Total solids (TS) recorded the highest value of 947 mg/L while the chloride ion concentration exhibited the least value of 2.41 mg/L

Summary

Introduction

The quality and quantity of river water is influenced by both natural processes and anthropogenic interferences; the latter constitutes one of the major causes of environmental problems that alter the hydrochemistry in our river systems. Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal water quality of the Mahanadi River—estuarine system, was reported in India [4]. Najafpour et al [8] reported evaluation of spatial and temporal variation in river water quality of Shiroud River that discharges to southern part of Caspian Sea, Iran. Nikhil and Azeez [9] in India examined the spatio-temporal variation in water quality and quantity of Bharathapuzha River basin using multivariate statistic analysis tools. They found that in basins that are more disturbed, monsoonal discharge was much higher than discharges in other seasons, while the slightly disturbed basin had consistent level of discharge throughout the season.

Methods

Results

Conclusion