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Abstract
A new metabolite profiling approach combined with an ultrarapid sample preparation procedure was used to study the temporal and spatial dynamics of the wound-induced accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and its oxygenated derivatives in Arabidopsis thaliana. In addition to well known jasmonates, including hydroxyjasmonates (HOJAs), jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile), and its 12-hydroxy derivative (12-HOJA-Ile), a new wound-induced dicarboxyjasmonate, 12-carboxyjasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (12-HOOCJA-Ile) was discovered. HOJAs and 12-HOOCJA-Ile were enriched in the midveins of wounded leaves, strongly differentiating them from the other jasmonate metabolites studied. The polarity of these oxylipins at physiological pH correlated with their appearance in midveins. When the time points of accumulation of different jasmonates were determined, JA levels were found to increase within 2-5 min of wounding. Remarkably, these changes occurred throughout the plant and were not restricted to wounded leaves. The speed of the stimulus leading to JA accumulation in leaves distal to a wound is at least 3 cm/min. The data give new insights into the spatial and temporal accumulation of jasmonates and have implications in the understanding of long-distance wound signaling in plants.
Highlights
Jasmonic acid (JA)[2] is a potent lipid-derived regulator that plays diverse and complex roles in protecting plants from herbivores and some pathogens (1–3), in growth control in wounded plants (4), and in reproduction (5, 6)
The profiles of wounded and unwounded wild type (WT) leaves (Col-0 accession) as well as those of the JA synthesis mutant opr[3] (20) in the Wassilewskija background were compared for the detection of jasmonates
A very rapid sample preparation procedure were combined to study the production of jasmonate metabolites in wounded plant tissues
Summary
Jasmonic acid (JA)[2] is a potent lipid-derived regulator that plays diverse and complex roles in protecting plants from herbivores and some pathogens (1–3), in growth control in wounded plants (4), and in reproduction (5, 6). Given the potent signaling activity of certain derivatives of JA (12), a full elucidation of its turnover is essential for understanding how jasmonate levels are brought back toward resting levels subsequent to wounding. The biologically active jasmonic acid (ϩ)-(3R,7S)-JA (cis configuration of the cyclopentanone ring) can be inactivated by epimerization in vivo to (–)-(3R,7R)-JA (trans) (13), providing a first line of deactivation of the signal. Because this epimerization is reversible and at equilibrium some (ϩ)(3R,7S)-JA remains, JA must be cleared from the cell by other mechanisms. Several polar derivatives of JA and JA-Ile were detected, including a novel highly oxygenated molecule. JA Synthesis in A. thaliana in Response to Wounding accumulation in response to a wound was far more rapid than previously assumed
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