Spatial and seasonal variation of mangrove litter production in Bitung, Indonesia

Abstract

This study aimed to figure out a spatial and seasonal variation of litterfall production and its correlation with environmental parameters. The area was distinguished into three zones based on species domination, landward (Xylocarpus granatum); middle zone (Rhizophora apiculata) and seaward (Ceriops tagal). Four square, 50x50 cm (1 mm nylon mesh) litter traps were hung randomly in each zone, and the litters were collected monthly. Secondary climate data were compiled from the NOAA and BMKG, while soil and water contents were acquired from TIO-RCO investigation. The number of litter production on Kema was in the moderate category compared to several studies. Spatially, total litter production on landward (6.90±3.67 t.ha−1.y−1) and seaward (6.66±3.08 t.ha−1.y−1) were not significantly different, but they had a significant difference to the middle zone (8.93±4.85 t.ha− 1.y−1). Vegetative parts were highly dominant on litter composition. Total phosphate was highly correlated with spatial differences. Mangrove produced more litter during the dry season due to their higher metabolic adaptation to cope with the higher temperature and salinity. Even though there was no significant correlation between climate factors and total litter production. During season-transition periods, production of litterfall doubled than either dry/wet season followed by climatic parameter changes delivering physiological stresses.