Abstract
A spatial analysis of air pollution in the South St. Boniface (SSB) and Mission Industrial Areas (MIA) of Winnipeg, in Manitoba, Canada, was conducted by mapping the results for 23 composite snow samples. Heavy metals were analyzed in the snow samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Higher concentrations closer to the shredder were significant for every metal, but, not for arsenic, in regression modeling R squared (0.585 for Cd, 0.462 for Pb, 0.423 for Zn, 0.343 for Cr, 0.343 for Ni, 0.244 for Mn, and 0.069 for As). Heavy metal concentrations were significantly higher in the industrial zone, with the next highest being the roadside zone, then the commercial zone and finally the residential/parkland zone, at p-value < 0.01 statistical significance levels according to the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis H- test. The metals concentrations mapped on Arc-GIS with ArcMap 10.6 using kriging interpolation, display that all toxic metal concentrations, but particularly Pb, Ni, Zn, Cr, and Hg, are highest proximate to the scrap metal shredder. Furthermore, pollution indices, specifically contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (DOC), and pollution load index (PLI), were undertaken registering high contamination. The CF registered high for lead, zinc, and nickel in all areas compared to the background levels, but the highest levels were nearby to the scrap metal shredder. The DOC values showed that the industrial contamination is nearly five times greater than that for the road or commercial areas and almost 20 times more contaminated compared to the residential/parkland. With PLI levels above 1 considered contaminated, the shredder (4.1), roadside (2.2), and commercial areas (1.9) were polluted. These findings point to the shredder as the cause of present-day contamination for all areas, including residential/parkland, traffic, and commercial areas. High levels of toxic metal air pollution emissions warrant further study of human exposure and health risk posed by multiple sources from the air, water, and land. Enforcement and enclosure of the outdoor shredder should be considered to reduce heavy metal exposure to the public.
Highlights
Recycling scrap metals from end-of-life vehicles (ELV) and other obsolete metallic products, compared to smelting virgin ore, uses less energy, produces less greenhouse gases and conserves natural resources (Wernick, & Themelis, 1998; USEPA, 2009)
The contamination factor (CF) registered high for lead, zinc, and nickel in all areas compared to the background levels, but the highest levels were nearby to the scrap metal shredder
Three different pollution indices were calculated for each heavy metal analyzed in each snow sample calculating the contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (DOC), and pollution load index (PLI) of heavy metals concentration in snow samples at different sampling sites
Summary
Recycling scrap metals from end-of-life vehicles (ELV) and other obsolete metallic products, compared to smelting virgin ore, uses less energy, produces less greenhouse gases and conserves natural resources (Wernick, & Themelis, 1998; USEPA, 2009). Nickel (Ni) is an ingredient of nickel-based alloy, aluminum-alloy, stainless steel (OSHA, 2008), as well as nickel-cadmium batteries, which includes cadmium (Cd) As well as these batteries, cadmium comes from scrap metals coated with cadmium paint. Each layer filled in a pre-cleaned 500 ml high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle, labeled for total metals and total mercury, respectively, and shaken vigorously to have a homogenous mixed composite sample. These sampling procedures were repeated for each sample obtained from the four zones earlier mentioned. Twenty-three composite snow samples from the study site and the two background snow samples were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations by ALS Laboratory on 14 March 2019
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
