Abstract
This article will analyze the spatial pattern as well as the degradation pattern of the coral reefs in the Bunaken National Park. Bunaken National Park is a marine national park located in the Province of North Sulawesi; the park was built as means of conservation as well as providing a region for tourism. The national park contains a different type of marine and land ecosystem, one of the many types of the ecosystem that are in the national park is coral reefs. Coral reefs in Bunaken National Park provides different kinds of function and benefits whether for the marine habitats that live around the ecosystem, as well as for the local people who live in the islands of the national park. Remote sensing could be used as a tool to identify the spatial pattern and the type of ecosystem that habits inside shallow sea water. The main issue with this method is that the research cannot be conduct directly to identify which type of ecosystem specifically (such as coral reefs, seagrass, etc.), as well as its condition. Therefore, data collecting is necessary to observe and identify the ecosystem and its condition specifically. This study uses satellite image from Landsat 8 OLI as the main secondary data to be processed. The satellite image will be processed by using an algorithm of shallow water analysis that was introduced by Lyzenga in 1981. Since data verification and data observation is needed for this study, the research observes the pattern of the different type of ecosystem and its condition that spreads around Bunaken National Park. The verification and observation process was done by GPS, there were 250 different samples from the data that were collected around the Bunaken National Park. The sample that was collected in the study area will be used to classify the satellite image that has been processed by shallow water algorithm, on which could identify: seagrass, bleached coral reefs, deceased coral reefs, and healthy coral reefs around the national park. The results of this study show the spatial pattern of the coral reefs is located usually around the islands in the Bunaken National Park. The results show that the coral reefs are mostly located around the islands in the National Park. The map results show that the healthy coral reefs are usually located in the outermost layer around the shallow water ecosystem. The bleached reefs are usually located in the middle section of the shallow water, between the healthy coral and the islands itself. Most of the reefs that died and bleached are in the southwest of Bunaken Island, and the northwest of Nain Island.
Highlights
Bunaken National Park is a maritime national park that is located in the northern part of the North Sulawesi Province which is about 15 kilometers north from the City of Manado, the national park is located in the southeastern part of the Celebes Sea
Bunaken National Park has a total area of 890 km2, on which 97 % of it consists of a water body, and the other 3 % are the five islands in the national park, these islands are Bunaken, Mantehage, Manado Tua, Nain, and Siladen
The spatial distribution of the coral reefs in the Bunaken National Park is relatively uneven; it is shown that most of the coral reefs could be found around Bunaken Island and Nain Island, as well as around Mantehage Island
Summary
1.1 Study regionBunaken National Park is a maritime national park that is located in the northern part of the North Sulawesi Province which is about 15 kilometers north from the City of Manado, the national park is located in the southeastern part of the Celebes Sea. The Bunaken National Park was established in 1991, on which the main purpose of the national park as means of conservation of the marine and the land ecosystem around the area. Bunaken National Park is greatly influenced by the monsoon season as well as the El-Nino Cycle since the rainfall and the ocean current in the Celebes Sea is affecting the marine ecosystem in the national park. Other than the meteorological factor, there are around 30 thousand local inhabitants that live in the five islands in the national park. Their livelihood is dependent on the national park resources as well where their livelihood is impacting the environmental condition in the national park [2]
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