Abstract
To add to the growing information about the effect of multibeam echosounder (MBES) operation on marine mammals, a study was conducted to assess the spatial foraging effort of Cuvier’s beaked whales during two MBES surveys conducted in January of 2017 and 2019 off of San Clemente Island, California. The MBES surveys took place on the Southern California Antisubmarine Warfare Range (SOAR), which contains an array of 89 hydrophones covering an area of approximately 1800 km2over which foraging beaked whales were detected. A spatial autocorrelation analysis of foraging effort was conducted using the Moran’s I (global) and the Getis-Ord Gi∗(local) statistics, to understand the animals’ spatial use of the entire SOAR, as well as smaller areas, respectively, within the SOARBefore, During, andAfterthe two MBES surveys. In both years, the global Moran’s I statistic suggested significant spatial clustering of foraging events on the SOAR during all analysis periods (Before, During, andAfter). In addition, a Kruskal-Wallis (comparison) test of both years revealed that the number of foraging events across analysis periods were similar within a given year. In 2017, the local Getis-Ord Gi∗analysis identified hot spots of foraging activity in the same general area of the SOAR during all analysis periods. This local result, in combination with the global and comparison results of 2017, suggest there was no obvious period-related change detected in foraging effort associated with the 2017 MBES survey at the resolution measurable with the hydrophone array. In 2019, the foraging hot spot area shifted from the southernmost corner of the SOARBefore, to the centerDuring, and was split between the two locationsAfterthe MBES survey. Due to the pattern of period-related spatial change identified in 2019, and the lack of change detected in 2017, it was unclear whether the change detected in 2019 was a result of MBES activity or some other environmental factor. Nonetheless, the results strongly suggest that the level of detected foraging during either MBES survey did not change, and most of the foraging effort remained in the historically well-utilized foraging locations of Cuvier’s beaked whales on the SOAR.
Highlights
It is well understood that underwater anthropogenic sound can impact marine life (Hildebrand, 2005; Wright et al, 2007; Gomez et al, 2016)
Like the temporal analysis of foraging behavior during the two multibeam echosounder (MBES) surveys (Kates Varghese et al, 2020), the difference in local spatial results between the two years brings in to question whether the MBES activity could have contributed to the differences identified, or if the differences were related to variability in some other factor, such as prey distribution during the two years of study
The overall findings of this spatial analysis align with the conclusions of the temporal assessment (Kates Varghese et al, 2020): foraging effort did not change in a stereotyped way that would suggest that the MBES surveys had a clear negative effect
Summary
It is well understood that underwater anthropogenic sound can impact marine life (Hildebrand, 2005; Wright et al, 2007; Gomez et al, 2016). Significant work has focused on understanding factors that lead to acute injury and death (Ketten, 2014; Kastelein et al, 2017), but arguably an concerning effect is behavioral change to a group or population that may lead to injury, death, or population decline (Johnson, 2012) This would include potential changes to important behaviors for an animal’s livelihood such as foraging (Croll et al, 2006; McCarthy et al, 2011; ManzanoRoth et al, 2016), mating (Blom et al, 2019), and migrating (Malme et al, 1984)
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