Abstract
The paper presents the further development of direct visualization of individual atoms, molecules with chemical bonds by spatial 3d electron cloud densitometry. Direct visualization of small objects studied by chemistry is made possible by the discovery of the plane wave amplitude deformation in accordance with the electron cloud density. Accordance with this affect, an atom begins to illuminate, depicting its own form! A quantum mechanical theory of the effect is given. As a result, it was possible to trace a chemical reaction with a change in the chemical bonds, geometry molecules, and distances between the atoms. The spatial 3d picoscope is used to show the structure of crystalline graphite formed by the <i>sp<sup>2</sup></i> chemical bonds of carbon atoms, and a system of weak <i>π</i>-bonds that connects the layers of graphite. This device confirmed the flat structure of single-layer graphene and allowed to detect a two-layer hexagonal diamond system that was previously un known. This material is proposed to designate gubanite. A scan be seen from the spatial 3d snapshot, as the graphene layers converge, the upper graphene π-electron clouds connect to the lower graphene π-electron clouds to form a two-layer diamond gubanite, the spatial 3d model of which is shown. It should lead to the appearance of visual chemistry.
Highlights
Solid carbon exists in several allotropic forms: graphite, diamond, graphene, nanotubes, fullerenes, vitreous carbon, coke, coal etc
Picoscope has an unmatched ability to give a direct visualization of the atomic structure together with chemical bonds
The basis of quantum mechanics is the statement that the wave function Ψ (q), with coordinates q, describe the state of the system and the square modulus of this function determines the probability to find a system in the volume dq: ρ(q)=|Ψ|2dq
Summary
Solid carbon exists in several allotropic forms: graphite, diamond, graphene, nanotubes, fullerenes, vitreous carbon, coke, coal etc. Picoscope has an unmatched ability to give a direct visualization of the atomic structure together with chemical bonds. There is one fundamental problem in the study of nanostructures and in the management of nanotechnology: so far no one has yet seen an electron that determines shapes of all chemical objects. The molecules shapes are determined by the electron clouds created by the motion of the electron around the nucleus and determined by laws of quantum mechanics. The problem with the visualization of the electron shells of atoms is that in nature it is unknown rays that can be reflected from an electron cloud and transmit its shape. Instead of obtaining an image of an object, in this case an electron, a fundamentally new method of obtaining an image of the electron cloud density is proposed
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